2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the respiratory system Answer these questions while watching the following video: What are bronchioles? What is the trachea? What are alveoli? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://youtu.be/RPdGQ-A_yM4 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the respiratory system Upper Respiratory System Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Lower Respiratory System Trachea Lungs 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Nose Nasal cavity – space behind the nose FYI: Vestibular region Olfactory region Respiratory region Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides Cilia – nose hairs Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region (watch video next slide) Why do we have nose hair? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Watch Youtube Video Turbinates viewed ………………. http://youtu.be/gX7_6cJ_scU (Nasal concha) Turbinates are bony structures inside your nose covered by mucous membranes. They act as radiators in your nose by adding warm moist heat to the air that passes as we breathe. The turbinates are very susceptable to allergy and dust irritation. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Sinuses - Cavities in the skull. Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air Provide resonance to the voice 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Pharynx Throat Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx About 5” long 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Epiglottis A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Larynx Voice Box Triangular chamber below pharynx Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis Also called the Adam’s Apple 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Can you identify the trachea? Trachea Windpipe Approximately 4 ½” long The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System At the lower end of trachea, the bronchus divide into right and left branches. As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://youtu.be/o2OcGgJbiUk 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Bronchi Ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchial tubes Cartilaginous plates Bronchioles Thinner walls of smooth muscle Lined with ciliated epithelium 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Alveoli – Where 02 & CO2 exchange……. Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue Contain surfactant …fatty substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity Apex Base Fit snugly over diaphragm (muscle used for breathing). Lung tissue is porous and spongy. Right lung Larger and shorter than the left lung Displaced by the liver 3 lobes Left lung Smaller than the right side Displaced by the heart 2 lobes 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs…serous membrane Double-walled sac Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid One of the two membranes around the lungs. These two membranes are called the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura envelops the lung, and the parietal pleura lines the inner chest wall. There is normally a small quantity (about 3 to 4 teaspoons) of fluid that is spread thinly between the visceral and parietal pleurae. The pleural fluid acts as a lubricant between the two membranes. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Mediastinum- A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ. Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue Also called the interpleural space Located between the lungs Contains the thoracic viscera (organs) *The space in the chest between the pleural sacs of the lungs that contains all the tissues and organs of the chest except the lungs and pleurae. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Diaphragm from the muscular system! The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. This contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs. Upon exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its domelike shape, and air is forced out of the lungs. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Breathing External respiration- gas exchange in the lungs occurs between the blood and air in the atmosphere Internal respiration - gas exchange at the cellular level where oxygen goes from the blood stream to the cells Exhalation Inhalation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Inspiration The part of respiration that involves air being taken into the lungs. The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward - this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Expiration Opposite action takes place (diaphragm relaxes and pushes up causing decrease in air volume in the lungs by helping to empty the lungs). Exhalation is a passive process 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Breathing 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration How many times does a normal adult breath per minute? Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20 Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases. Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min Sleep = respirations ↓ Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate
Watch Youtube Video Yawning………………. http://youtu.be/ew_iZTPoC3c 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Respiratory Movements Compare respiratory movements. Coughing Hiccups Sneezing Yawning Why do they occur? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Hiccups………………. http://youtu.be/by_c7FWvUl8 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Control of Breathing Breathing is controlled by: Neural Factors and Chemical Factors 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Control of breathing Neural Factors Respiratory center located in an area located in the pons and the medulla oblongata, the lowest portion of the brain stem PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Control of breathing Chemical Factors CO2 and O2 levels in the blood is sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain) Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Types of breathing Apnea (not or without) Dyspnea (painful or difficult) Eupnea (good) Hyperpnea (excessive or more than normal) Orthopnea (straight) Tachypnea (fast) Hyperventilation *1. tachypnea = "rapid ventilation" (breathing) *2. hyperpnea = "deep ventilation-with or without increased rate" *3. hyperventilation = increased minute volume ventilation which results in lowered carbon dioxide levels and increase in O2 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
FYI: Lung capacity and volume Tidal (TV), about 500 mL, is the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)- about 3,100 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)- about 1,200 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
FYI: Lung capacity and volume Vital lung capacity (VC) - bout 4,800 mL, is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling (VC = TV + IRV + ERV = approximately 80 percent TLC). The value varies according to age and body size. Residual volume (RV) -about 1,200 mL, is the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled. Functional residual capacity (FRC) - about 2,400 mL, is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration (FRC = RV + ERV). 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
FYI: Lung capacity and volume Total lung capacity is a total of: Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Expiratory reserve Residual air Sample 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. https://youtu.be/VvE2rGnvFo4 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Respiratory disorders COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Hand-washing – best preventative measure How long should you wash your hands? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
COMMON COLD Contagious viral respiratory infection Indirect causes – chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) Hand washing – best preventative measure
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http://youtu.be/UWgiyQV3nYc 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
LARYNGITIS Inflammation of larynx or voice box Often secondary to other respiratory infections Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)…treatment = no talking!
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS SINUSITIS Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities Caused by bacteria or virus Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Respiratory disorders Asthma 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
ASTHMA Inflammatory airway obstruction Caused by allergen or psychological stress 5% of Americans have asthma Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
BRONCHITIS Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous May be acute or chronic Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound) Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause
Respiratory disorders Bronchitis 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
REPIRATORY DISORDERS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2
EMPHYSEMA Alveoli becomes over dilated, lose their elasticity. May eventually rupture Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation required Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2 Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
INFLUENZA (Flu) Viral infection (VIRUS) causing inflammation of the mucous membrane of lungs Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleuresy Rx – treat the symptoms
PNEUMONIA Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus. Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid) Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea Rx – O2 and antibiotics
Respiratory disorders What can cause a pneumothorax? Pneumothorax – collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity
Watch Youtube Video Respiratory System………………. http:// 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
TUBERCULOSIS Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an increase in US. Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats Diagnosis – TB skin test If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample Rx – antibiotic
Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system Did you know??? The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis Vitamin D- prevents respiratory disease in newborns Folate- prevents respiratory infections Vitamin E- prevents common colds 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system