Nationalism and Sectionalism Chapter 7 Nationalism and Sectionalism
Transportation Revolution Roadways -Turnpikes- roads for which users pay a toll. -income used to improve roads and ease travel -National Road- a roadway that extended west from Maryland to the Ohio River.
Transportation Revolution Steamboat/Steam-Powered Ships -easier to travel upstream against the current. Erie Canal -1825, runs 363 miles across N.Y. from Lake Erie to the Hudson River -provided efficient water transportation that linked farms to cities
Transportation Revolution Railroads -cost less to build and could easily scale hills -faster than ships -carried more weight
Industrial Revolution -Great Britain (1700s) -changed economy, culture, social life, politics Textile Mills/Factories -changed the speed and volume of production -increased pace of work -divided labor into small tasks -reduced amount of skill/training
Inventions Eli Whitney -interchangeable parts- identical components that could be used in place of the other -cotton gin Samuel Morse -electric telegraph- electrical pulses to travel long distances along metal wires as coded signals John Deere -steel plow Cyrus McCormick -mechanical reaper
Sectional Differences The North -Industrialization occurred mainly in the North -greater access to capital- money needed to build factories -cheap labor -Tariff of 1816 -designed to protect American industry -increase the price of imported manufactured goods.
Social Change in the North Labor Unions -groups of workers who united to seek better pay and conditions Middle Class -middle class emerges
Sectional Differences The South -boom in cotton production helped deepen the region’s commitment to slavery -cotton gin- reduced amount of time and the cost separating the cotton seeds from the white fiber -demand for slaves increased as cotton became more profitable
Economic/Cultural Consequences -cotton production limited regional development -plantations dispersed the population -South did not attract immigrants to region Cultural -illiteracy was high -racial division within society
The Age of Jackson Election of 1828 - Jacksonian Democracy emerges - Jackson supports refer to themselves as Democrats, not Democratic Republicans - victory symbolized the triumph of the democratic style over aristocracy - promise the return of Jeffersonian principles: strong states and a weak federal government
Native American Removal - Jackson’s supporters were mainly from the South - Southerners expected Jackson to remove Native Americans living in the region - many denounced their civilizations and wanted their valuable lands - President Jackson ignored the Supreme Court’s decision (land seizure was unconstitutional) and favored states’ rights in this case
Native American Removal - Indian Removal Act of 1830- negotiate the exchange of American Indian lands in the South for new lands in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) Trail of Tears- 1838, U.S. soldiers forced Cherokees to walk from their lands in the Southeast to Oklahoma.
Constitutional Disputes and Crises Tariff of Abominations- high tariffs adopted by Congress designed to promote American industry. - the North favored these protective tariffs but the South disliked them Nullification- states could nullify, or void, any federal law deemed unconstitutional *many state legislatures passed resolutions rejecting nullification
The Bank War Jackson Opposed the Bank - ‘Money Power’ - Jacksonian Democrats disliked the second Bank of the United States- chartered by Congress in 1816 - they believed it favored rich investors, saw it as dangerous and corrupt - business leaders valued the Bank- believed it promoted economic growth, provided a stable currency (paper money), instilled confidence.
The Whig Party Whigs - political party - formed by Bank supporters after Jackson vetoed the charter renewal of the Bank - nationalists who wanted a strong federal government to manage the economy - broad interpretation of the Constitution - protective tariffs, national bank *emergence of the Whigs renewed the two-party politics in the United States.