Magruder’s American Government Unit 5 Congress Chapters 10, 11, & 12 © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc.

Congress A. Bicameral legislature- two houses B. Reasons for bicameral Congress 1. what we saw when part of Great Britain 2. settled differences between Virginia and New Jersey Plans 3. one house could check the other C. Term- length of time in office D. There are no term limits for Congress E. Session- time that Congress meets 1. only president can call special session of Congress

II. House of Representatives A. Size- 435 members B II. House of Representatives A. Size- 435 members B. Apportionment- dividing the seats in the House among the 50 states 1. census- counting the population every 10 years 2. reapportionment-redistributing the 435 seats among the states based on changes in the population 3. redistricting- the redrawing of congressional districts in the states to account for changes in population 4. gerrymandering-drawing creative districts that favor one party or group of people 5. single-member districts-one representative is elected form each individual district

C. Term- 2 years D. have to run for reelection every two years- off year elections E. Qualifications 1. 25 years of age 2. citizen of the U.S. for 7 years 3. resident of the state F. Our representative- John Mica

Current Apportionment 1 3 4 Chapter 10, Section 2

III.Senate A. Size- 100 B. Two from each state- equal representation C. senators were originally chosen by state legislatures D. 17th Amendment- the people now elect senators-popular vote E. Continuous body- all of the senators are never up for election at the same time F. Six year term

G. Qualifications 1. 30 years of age 2. citizen of the U. S G. Qualifications 1. 30 years of age 2. citizen of the U.S. for 9 years 3. resident of the state H. Florida’s senators 1. Bill Nelson 2. Marco Rubio

Profile of the 107th Congress 2 3 Chapter 10, Section 4

IV. Members of Congress A. The House is more diverse than the Senate B IV. Members of Congress A. The House is more diverse than the Senate B. Voting options 1. trustee- do what you think is best 2. delegate-do what your constituents want 3. partisan- stick with your party 4. politico- mixture of all three C. Committee membership D. Oversight function-oversee executive agencies

E. Serve their constituents 1 E. Serve their constituents 1. constituent- someone that is represented by a member of Congress F. Franking privilege- sending mail to constituents for free V. Types of power A. Expressed- written in Constitution B. Implied- suggested in Constitution C. Inherent- all nations have these 1. regulate immigration 2. acquire new territory

D. Strict Constructionist- only use powers listed in Constitution E D. Strict Constructionist- only use powers listed in Constitution E. Liberal Constructionist- broad interpretation of Constitution (implied powers) IV. Expressed Powers A. Collect taxes B. Regulate interstate commerce 1. Gibbons v. Ogden- expanded the powers of Congress by expanding the meaning of commerce

C. Coin money D. Declare war E. Raise an army and Navy F C. Coin money D. Declare war E. Raise an army and Navy F. Eminent Domain- seizing of private property for the public good G. Appropriate funds VII. Implied Powers A. Originate from necessary and proper clause 1. also known as elastic clause 2. McCulloch v. Maryland- reaffirmed Congress’ ability to use implied powers

Federal Spending 1 3 4 5 Chapter 11, Section 2

B. National bank C. Military draft D. Minimum wage VIII B. National bank C. Military draft D. Minimum wage VIII. Non-legislative Powers A. Proposing amendments 1. proposed by 2/3 of Congress, approved by ¾ of states B. Conducting investigations constituent- someone that is represented by a member of Congress

C. House of Representatives 1. Impeaches the president 2 C. House of Representatives 1. Impeaches the president 2. chooses president if no candidate gets a majority in the electoral college D. Senate 1. holds impeachment trial 2. advice and consent power a. ratify/approve treaties b. confirm/approve presidential appointments 3. senatorial courtesy- will reject appointment if a senator from the president’s party and from the state of the nominee suggest it

Article I, Section 8 1 2 4 5 Chapter 11, Section 3

IX. Organization of Congress A. Speaker of the House 1 IX. Organization of Congress A. Speaker of the House 1. leader of the House of Representatives 2. selected from the majority party 3. names many committee chairmen B. Vice-President- oversees the Senate C. President Pro Tempore- oversees Senate in Vice-President’s absence

D. Party caucus- members of Congress with something in common E D. Party caucus- members of Congress with something in common E. Party whips- serve as go betweens for party leaders and the rest of the party F. Committee chairmen- leader of the committee

X. Committees in Congress A. Most work is done in committees B X. Committees in Congress A. Most work is done in committees B. Standing committee- permanent 1. the majority party holds the chairmen and the most members C. House Rules Committee 1. decide under what conditions a measure will be heard by the House 2. no equivalent to this in the Senate D. Select committees- temporary, usually investigate E. Conference committee- settle differences between bills

Permanent Committees of Congress 1 3 4 Chapter 12, Section 2

XI. How a Bill Becomes a Law A. House of Representatives 1 XI. How a Bill Becomes a Law A. House of Representatives 1. bill- proposed law 2. all bills dealing with revenue (money) start in the House 3. bill is introduced by a member of Congress 4. goes to a committee a. most bills die in committee 5. goes to Rules Committee

6. placed on the calendar 7. heard by entire House 8. debate a 6. placed on the calendar 7. heard by entire House 8. debate a. debate is limited in the House 9. vote 10. if the measure passes, it is sent to the Senate 11. a bill has to pass in both houses in the same exact form before being sent to the president

B. Senate 1. introduced by a member of the Senate 2 B. Senate 1. introduced by a member of the Senate 2. goes to a committee 3. goes to the full Senate (no Rules Committee) 4. debate 1. unlimited debate 2. filibuster- talking until the measure is dropped 3. cloture- ending a filibuster with 60 votes 5. vote, if it passes, it is sent to the president 6. if they pass a different version of the bill, it is sent to a conference committee

C. Presidential options 1. sign the bill 2 C. Presidential options 1. sign the bill 2. veto- rejected and sent back to Congress 3. pocket veto- does nothing for 10 days and Congress session ends, bill is automatically vetoed 4. does nothing for 10 days and Congress is still in session, automatically becomes law without signature 5. congress can override a veto with a 2/3 vote of both houses 6. logrolling- legislatures vote for a bill to get a vote in return later 7. Christmas Tree Bill- a bill that has a lot of unrelated amendments attached to it

8. Pork/ pork barrel legislation- a bill that brings money to a small select group of people XII. How Events can Shape Policy A. Vietnam War 1. 26th Amendment 2. War Powers Resolution- limits president’s war making powers B. September 11th 1. Patriot Act- limiting civil liberties C. Florida Hurricanes of 2004 1. change in FEMA policies

XIII. Checks on Congressional Power A. veto B. Judicial Review