COSC 316 Final Presentation Justin Wardle 1/1/08 Domestic and International Terrorism

What is Terrorism? There are however several International conventions on terrorism with somewhat different definitions. It is violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear. More common definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear, are perpetrated for an ideological goal, and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants.

Terrorist A person who practices terrorism is a terrorist. One major terrorist is Osama Bin Laden.

Categories In the spring of 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee was entitled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories.

Civil Disorders – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community. Political Terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes. Non-Political Terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.” Quasi-Terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. Limited Political Terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the State. Official or State Terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.

Reasons Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity. They usually use explosives or poison, but there is also concern about terrorist attacks using weapons of mass destruction. Terrorist organizations usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may train participants, plant "undercover" agents, and raise money from supporters or through organized crime. Communication may occur through modern telecommunications, or through old-fashioned methods such as couriers.

September 11, 2001 One of the worst attacks on American soil happened this day. Nineteen terrorists hijacked 4 planes and intentionally crashed two of the planes into the World Trade Center in New York City. They also crashed a third plane into the pentagon building in Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field in Shanksville, PA.

The Effect Excluding the 19 hijackers, 2,974 people died as an immediate result of the attacks with another 24 missing and presumed dead; the number of immediate victims totaled 2,998, the overwhelming majority of whom were civilians. The dead included nationals from over 80 different countries.

After 9-11 The Bush administration declared war on terrorism, with the goal of bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice. They used economic and military sanctions against states perceived to be harboring terrorists and increased global surveillance and intelligence sharing. Immediately after the September 11 attacks U.S. Officials speculated on possible involvement by Saddam Hussein; although unfounded, the association contributed to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The second-biggest operation of the U.S. Global War on Terrorism outside of the United States, and the largest directly connected to terrorism, was the overthrow of the Taliban rule from Afghanistan, by a U.S.-led coalition.

Homeland Security In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, President Bush announced the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security to coordinate efforts. The office was headed by Tom Ridge, who assumed the title of Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. The official announcement stated: The mission of the Office will be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks. The Office will coordinate the executive branch's efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States.

Resource http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism