1.1: Introduction Questions and observations that have led to knowledge. Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

“The complementarity of structure and function.” 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body Physiology – the study of the function of the human body “The complementarity of structure and function.”

1.3: Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue – simple squamous eithelium, adipose tissue, etc. Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organism – the human

Levels of Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue

1.1 Clinical Application Ultrasound (US) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

Characteristics of Life Continued Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions Life’s characteristics which obtain, release, and utilize energy are largely part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life).

1.5: Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials

Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.) Receptors Effectors (muscles or glands) Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) Response (Change is corrected.)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’ Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body Short-lived Do not require continuous adjustments Examples: blood clotting and child birth

1.6: Organization of the Human Body Cranial cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Vertebral canal Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Left pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (b) (a)

Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum

Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plane of section Vertebra Spinal cord Spinal cord Plane of section Vertebra Mediastinum Azygos v. Right kidney Aorta Aorta Left kidney Left lung Inferior vena cava Esophagus Pancreas Spleen Right lung Rib Large intestine Small intestine Right atrium of heart Liver Large intestine Left ventricle of heart Rib Right ventricle of heart Gallbladder Visceral pleura Duodenum Costal cartilage Visceral pericardium Pleural cavity Visceral peritoneum Stomach Parietal pleura Anterior Pericardial cavity Peritoneal cavity Anterior Sternum Parietal pericardium Parietal peritoneum Fibrous pericardium

Organ Systems Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system

Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nervous system Endocrine system

Organ Systems Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system

Organ Systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

Organ Systems Male reproductive system Female reproductive system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

1.7: Lifespan Changes Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level. Can you think of some examples?

1.8: Anatomical Terminology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out Integumentary system

Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior (above)/Inferior (below) Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal ( toward the back) Medial (toward the midline)/Lateral (to the sides) Bilateral (paired structures) Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides) Proximal (close to point of attachment)/Distal (farther from ponit of attachment) Superficial (close to body surface)/Deep (more internal

Body Sections or Planes Sagittal – divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal/Median – divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Body Sections NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along the median plane (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane Transverse (horizontal) plane A section along the median plane NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along a transverse plane Frontal (coronal) plane A section along a frontal plane

Body Sections (a) (b) (c)

Other Body Sections Oblique section Cross-section (a) (b) (c) Longitudinal section (a) (b) (c)

Abdominal Subdivisions Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Right iliac region Left iliac region Hypogastric region

Body Regions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Orbital (eye cavity) Nasal (nose) Occipital (back of head) Oral (mouth) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) Acromial (point of shoulder) Sternal Acromial (point of shoulder) Pectoral (chest) Axillary (armpit) Vertebral (spinal column) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Umbilical (navel) Antecubital (front of elbow) Cubital (elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Inguinal (groin) Lumbar (lower back) Antebrachial (forearm) Sacral (between hips) Coxal (hip) Gluteal (buttocks) Carpal (wrist) Perineal Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) T arsal (instep) Pedal (foot) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (a) (b)