The Origins of Sociology Page 14 What was happening at the end of the 19th century???

Auguste Comte’s Major Ideas Background Frenchman (1798 -1857) Recognized as Father of Sociology Expelled from school at an early age Believed society had to be studied scientifically – using scientific observation Coined the term sociology

Terms of Auguste Comte Positivism The belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation Social Statics – The study of social stability and order Social Dynamics – The study of social change

Harriet Martineau Background Sociology Impact Englishwoman (1802 – 1876) Lost her sense of taste, smell, and hearing at an early age A writer at an early age Sociology Impact Translated Comte’s Book Linked slavery and the oppression of women Inspired feminism

Herbert Spencer Background Compared society to the human body English (1820 – 1903) Mixed education Became an engineer, inventor, journalist, and writer Compared society to the human body All work for the well being of society…

Herbert Spencer Ctn. Used the term Social Darwinism What do you think that means? Spencer believed IF left alone…. Natural social selection would ensure the survival of the fittest society So what does Spencer think of things like welfare? Who in America would like his viewpoints? Particularly in the late 1800s…

Karl Marx Background German scholar (1818 – 1883) Felt great concern for those in poverty Wanted to change the world

Karl Marx Beliefs Believed that all industrial societies would contain two classes Bourgeoisie – Class owning the means for producing wealth Proletariat – Those who labor for the bourgeoisie Coined the term capitalist Person who owns or controls the means for producing wealth

Emile Durkheim Background: French Brilliant/studied all the time Beliefs: Society exists because of consensus Conformity, tradition, and family (Mechanical solidarity) Organic Solidarity – Social interdependency based on a high degree of specialization in roles (creating dependency)

Emile Durkheim Ctd. Created a new way to do sociology Used statistical techniques Explained that suicide varied according to group characteristics rather than…. What? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAU2HUT9sY U Any thoughts?

Max Weber Became a college professor Background: Mother = Calvinist Father = German Lawyer/Politician Different values… Gave Weber a mental breakdown Became a college professor Wanted to understand personal intentions of groups

Definitions: Rationalization Verstehen Understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of others How good are we at this? Rationalization The mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning An idea after the scientific revolution

Jane Addams Toured Europe and saw reforms Background: Grew up wealthy Well educated Witnessed government/business corruption Toured Europe and saw reforms Focused on social class problems Worked with lower class/poor much of her life

W.E.B. DuBois Worked hard for black equality Background: African American educator and social activist Obtained a degree at Harvard Worked hard for black equality Through research he found that in Philadelphia there was less discrimination and more jobs

End of Section 2

Theoretical Perspective Section 3 – Page 23 Read Introduction

Definitions 3 Major Perspectives on Sociology Theoretical Perspective A set of assumptions accepted as true In this case: the workings of society See map on page 24 3 Major Perspectives on Sociology Functionalism Conflict Perspective Symbolic Interactionism

Work Sheet

Functionalism How does functionalism explain social change? How does functionalism explain society? Emphasized contributions/functions of society Family - ? Economy - ? Religion - ? What else? How does functionalism explain social change?

Functionalism Ctn. How was the industrial revolution an example of this perspective? Functionalists believe society will return to a stable state after some upheaval

Functionalism Ctn. Two kinds of functions Manifest Functions – Intended and recognized Latent Functions – Unintended and unrecognized Why do you think your parents send you to school? Why do you go to school? With a partner find an example of a function and give a latent and manifest function for it An Example is on page 26

Dysfunction Definition Negative consequence of an aspect of society Name a couple dysfunction of various functions of society How do functionalists view values?

Conflict Perspective What is the conflict perspective? Focus on disagreements among various groups in a society Its all about competition to get your way The question becomes: “Who gets what?” Those with power – the ability to control the behavior of others

Activity 2 pairs of partners are needed There will be one winner from each pair

How does the conflict perspective explain social change? What is the example that the book gave to answer this question? Think up some other examples with a partner Which perspective is better? Functionalism or Conflict Perspective?

Symbolic Interactionism What is it? What is the most important word in this definition? Focuses on symbols groups interact with What is a symbol? Something chosen to represent something else An object, word, a gesture, a facial expression, or sound Something observable that represents something unobservable

Symbolic Interactionism Ctn. There are 3 assumptions with this theoretical perspective We learn the symbol by watching the way others react to it Once we learn the symbol, we base our behavior on them We use the meanings of symbols to imagine how others will respond to our behavior

Examples of Symbol What does the American flag mean to you? What would happen if I changed the names of things in my classroom and made you guys use the words I made up for them?

What is dramaturgy? Approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances Meaning????

Read Through Table on Page 27 for Review

Review Assignment with a Partner Reviewing Vocabulary 1-10 Reviewing the Facts 1-6 Thinking Critically 1-8

Near Future Schedule There is great end of the chapter review on pages 32- 33 Test in a day or two