Eureka! The Enlightenment
Ideas Move On
Enlightenment? 18th century movement Philosophical intellectuals Favorite word was reason Apply science to understanding of life
Sorry, Had To!
John Locke Tabula Rasa: Blank Slate People were molded by experiences around them People exposed to correct elements, could create new and better society
Wrong Locke
Issac Newton World machine Operated through natural law Felt that if he found natural law to govern the world, he could also use natural law to govern human society
Smart Cookie
Philosophers Philosophers often had other jobs Some were writers, professors, and economists Came from nobility and middle class
I’ll Be A Monkey’s Uncle
Role of Philosophy Philosophy sought to change the world Philosophers disagreed often Each generation was radical All tried to better society
Forget The Tree!
Montesquieu Name: Charles-Louis de Secondat The Spirit of Laws discussed government Scientific Method to discover natural laws that govern
Sorry Montesquieu
Montesquieu Deux 3 kinds of government 1) republics 2) despotism 3) monarchies
Not This King
Montesquieu Trois Separation of Powers System of checks and balances Prevents one person from having too much power Best contribution to politics
Merci, Montesquieu
Voltaire Francois-Marie Arouet Prosperous middle-class Criticism of Christianity High religious tolerance Treatise on Toleration 1763
Tolerate Everything
Voltaire Deux Deism: 18th century religious movement. Deism was based on reason and natural law God created universe which was like a clock
Wakey Wakey!
Voltaire Trois The clock ran according to natural law Universe ran without God’s interference
Big Universe
Denis Diderot Was a writer Father wanted him to be lawyer or priest Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades Contained 28 volumes
Have You Met Lydia? YouTube - Lydia the Tattooed Lady
Diderot Two Articles in his book attacked French religious superstition Called for social, legal, and political reforms Sold to doctors, clergymen, and teachers
Adam Smith Physiocrat: identify natural economic laws that governed society. Every man for himself serves the common good http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0ywiYboCLk
Truly Original Idea
Smith Two Laissez-faire: let people do what they wish 1776: Wealth of Nations Government did three things in society
Interesting Thought
Governmental Functions Protect society from invasion Defend citizens from injustice Keep up certain public works that private individuals alone can not afford
No No No!
Cesare Beccaria On Crimes and Punishments 1764 Punishments should not be exercises in brutality Opposed capital punishment
Express Lane State
Social Contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau Wandered through Italy and France before Paris Discourse on the Inequality of Mankind Enslaved by government
Huh?
Origins Laws passed to protect property This caused people to deal with the government constantly Freedom considered limited
I See Said The…
Social Contract The Social Contract written in 1762 Society is governed by its general will “This means nothing less than they will be forced to be free”
I’ll Explain, I’ll Explain
General Will Like Smith’s Wealth of Nations The general will represents the best outcome for the entire community.
Which One Is Will?
Emile Novel form Discusses the education of man. Rousseau: “Education should foster not restrict, children’s natural instincts.”
Coloring Anyone?
Rousseau Difference Emotion as well as reason was needed Women were to learn nurturing and obedience skills for husband and children Sent his children to orphanage
Ah, Such A Happy Picture
Women’s Rights Female thinkers began to express views. Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Women: Found 2 problems with Enligtenment thinkers
Yes Master
A Woman’s Point People who said women should obey men, said that the arbitrary power of a monarch over people was wrong. Said that this was the same as a man’s power over a woman
Ha Ha!
A Woman’s Point 2 Enlightenment is based on reason Women have reason as well, thus are equal. Wants equal rights in education, politics, economy
No Escaping Destiny!
Enlightenment & Religion Most Europeans were Christians 90-95% of Catholics went to mass on Easter Sunday Protestants ruled by state and lacked religious enthusiasm
This Is Fun Isn’t It?
John Wesley Founded Methodism Wanted to spread the good news of salvation Preached in open fields, halls, or cottages Churches closed doors to him
Open the Door Please
John Wesley 2 Traveled on horseback Preached 2-3 times per day Appealed to the lower class Sermons often converted people
Dynamic Preacher
John Wesley 3 Influenced abolition of slave trade in 1808 Also important in American movement to abolish slavery Gave lower classes a sense of purpose and community
Influential