Introduction Chapter Introduction This chapter will introduce you to the Reformation. You will learn how a movement to reform the Catholic Church led to the creation of new Protestant churches. Section 1: The Origins of the Reformation Section 2: The Counter-Reformation Section 3: The Reformation Divides Europe

What long-term effect did the publishing of the German Bible have? myStory Kidnapped! Why do you think Luther wanted to help ordinary people read the Bible for themselves? What long-term effect did the publishing of the German Bible have? As students watch the myStory Video, have them use a graphic organizer like this one to record the causes and effects of Luther’s decision to translate the Bible.

Academic Vocabulary temperament—n., a specific person’s way of The Origins of the Reformation Academic Vocabulary temperament—n., a specific person’s way of behaving and thinking Margo had a very calm temperament, so she rarely became angry. doctrine—n., a set of principles or system of belief The minister taught church doctrine to his congregation. Tell students to use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the terms, they can read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

Key Ideas Martin Luther’s protest against corruption The Origins of the Reformation Key Ideas Martin Luther’s protest against corruption in the Catholic Church set off the Protestant Reformation. John Calvin and other Reformation thinkers spread Protestant ideas throughout Europe.

The Origins of the Reformation Key Terms Reformation—a religious movement that gained momentum in the 1500s with the aim of reforming the Catholic Church indulgence—a kind of cancellation of punishment for sins that had been confessed and forgiven by God recant—to withdraw one’s words Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

Key Terms sect—a subgroup of a major religious group The Origins of the Reformation Key Terms sect—a subgroup of a major religious group predestination—the idea that God has determined long ago who will gain salvation theocracy—a government ruled by religious leaders Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

Who was Martin Luther? He was born in Germany in 1483. The Origins of the Reformation Who was Martin Luther? He was born in Germany in 1483. As a young man, he became a monk. In 1510, he visited Rome, the center of the Catholic Church. He was shocked that the Roman clergy spent so much time raising money and taking part in politics. Remind students that Luther was a Catholic priest. At the time, the Church held enormous power over people’s lives. His criticism of the Church was, therefore, courageous and dangerous.

What problems did Luther see in the Church? The Origins of the Reformation What problems did Luther see in the Church? Church officials seemed more concerned with secular matters than with saving souls. Many priests were poorly trained. Some Church leaders came to power because of wealth or influence. Some bishops lived far away from the churches they were supposed to oversee. The Catholic Church taxed its members. The Church raised money by selling indulgences. Encourage students to understand Luther’s criticism of the secular aspects of the lives of high-ranking clergy.

Luther Writes the 95 Theses The Origins of the Reformation Luther Writes the 95 Theses Refer students to this chart in Section 1 in the Student Edition. Point out the painting of Luther’s trial before the Diet at Worms that accompanies the chart. As a class, discuss what is happening in the painting.

John Calvin Spreads Reformation Ideas The Origins of the Reformation John Calvin Spreads Reformation Ideas John Calvin became an important Protestant leader. His book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, set out basic Protestant beliefs. It influenced many people. One of Calvin’s beliefs was predestination. He taught that God decides who will gain salvation. Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. He wanted it to be a “city of God.” Reinforce students’ understanding of the basic idea of predestination as it relates to personal salvation.

Comparing Two Faiths The Origins of the Reformation Students may also refer to this table in Section 1 of the Student Edition to see the entries more clearly.

Translating the Bible Martin Luther translated the Bible into German. The Origins of the Reformation Translating the Bible Martin Luther translated the Bible into German. During the 1500s, the Bible was also translated into French, Spanish, Italian, and Dutch. William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English. He began to translate the Old Testament. The Catholic Church arrested Tyndale. They tried and executed him as a heretic. Remind students of the role of the printing press in spreading Luther’s ideas through vernacular translation of the Bible in the years following the Reformation.

The Counter-Reformation What’s in a name? The following words are often used on the news. What do they mean? counterattack counterterrorism If students struggle to define these words, explain that the prefix counter- can mean “opposite” or “opposing.” The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church’s attempt to oppose the Protestant Reformation. Use what you know about the words counterattack and counterterrorism to predict what the section title—The Counter-Reformation—means.

The Counter-Reformation Academic Vocabulary isolation—n., the condition of being alone Hugo lived in isolation after his wife died. Have students use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the words, they can read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

Key Ideas The Jesuits worked to reform and strengthen The Counter-Reformation Key Ideas The Jesuits worked to reform and strengthen the Catholic Church. At the Council of Trent, Catholic leaders discussed ways to end corruption and reform Church doctrine.

Key Terms Counter-Reformation—the movement to The Counter-Reformation Key Terms Counter-Reformation—the movement to strengthen the teachings and structure of the Catholic Church Jesuits—the Society of Jesus, an influential Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

Key Terms Council of Trent—a series of meetings during The Counter-Reformation Key Terms Council of Trent—a series of meetings during which Catholic leaders sought ways to revive the moral authority of the Catholic Church and to stop the spread of Protestantism ghetto—a separate quarter of a city in which Jews were required to live and work Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

Reforming the Church The Catholic Church started its own reform The Counter-Reformation Reforming the Church The Catholic Church started its own reform movement called the Counter-Reformation. Reformers founded new religious orders. A former soldier named Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits, or Society of Jesus. The Society was organized like a military troop with strict discipline. Recruits trained for years.

Jesuit Missionaries Jesuits like Matteo Ricci spread the Catholic The Counter-Reformation Jesuit Missionaries Jesuits like Matteo Ricci spread the Catholic faith to Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Refer students to the student edition feature Jesuits in the World to learn more about Jesuit contributions past and present.

A Reforming Nun Teresa of Avila became a nun in Spain. The Counter-Reformation A Reforming Nun Teresa of Avila became a nun in Spain. She lived a very spiritual life and saw visions that she said were from God. Teresa believed that convent life was not strict enough. She started her own order of nuns, who lived in isolation. They dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation. Encourage students to think about Teresa’s experience as one example of how Catholics felt a renewal of faith at the time of the Counter-Reformation. Why might this have occurred?

The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response The Church held a series of meetings called the Council of Trent to revive the Church and halt the spread of Protestantism.   The Church enforced the Council’s decisions through the Inquisition, a court that tried people accused of heresy. The Church also published a list of books that people were forbidden to read. Discuss with students what the Catholic Church sought to achieve by using the Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books.

Intolerance Grows Both Catholics and Protestants attacked each other. The Counter-Reformation Intolerance Grows Both Catholics and Protestants attacked each other.   Religious anxiety caused a fear of witches. Many innocent people were killed in witch hunts. In Venice, Jews had to live and work in a separate neighborhood called a ghetto. This practice spread to other parts of Europe.

Academic Vocabulary controversial—adj., tending to cause dispute The Reformation Divides Europe Academic Vocabulary controversial—adj., tending to cause dispute or disagreement The new movie about the war was controversial. invalid—adj., without truth or unlawful The woman’s claim to own the property was invalid. Have students use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the words, they can read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

Key Ideas The Reformation sparked conflicts between The Reformation Divides Europe Key Ideas The Reformation sparked conflicts between Protestant and Catholic regions of Europe. The Reformation had a long-term impact on government, society, and economics.

Key Terms annulment—an official action canceling a marriage The Reformation Divides Europe Key Terms annulment—an official action canceling a marriage Act of Supremacy—a legislative act passed by Parliament in 1534 making the English monarch the head of the Church of England Huguenots—French Protestants Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

Key Terms edict—an official public order made by a The Reformation Divides Europe Key Terms edict—an official public order made by a king or another authority armada—a fleet of ships federalism—a form of government in which power is shared between local and national levels Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Reformation chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

Protestant Countries Much of northern Europe became Protestant. The Reformation Divides Europe Protestant Countries Much of northern Europe became Protestant. Henry VIII of England broke from the Catholic Church to gain an annulment from his first wife. He wanted to remarry and have a son to be his heir. John Knox spread Calvin’s ideas to Scotland. Germany was divided, and religious war broke out. The Peace of Augsburg ended the war. It allowed German rulers to choose religion for their states.

Religious Division of Europe The Reformation Divides Europe Religious Division of Europe Have students refer to the map in Section 3 of the Student Edition to see the religious divisions more clearly.

The Reformation Divides Europe Catholic Countries In Catholic France, many Huguenots were killed in the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Henry IV became Catholic to end conflict. He issued the Edict of Nantes allowing freedom of religion. Philip II of Spain used the Inquisition to fight Protestantism in the Netherlands. The Dutch rebelled and won independence. Philip sent an armada to punish England for helping the Dutch. The English navy defeated it.

The Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) began as a The Reformation Divides Europe The Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) began as a religious conflict. The Peace of Westphalia ended the war. It allowed people to practice their own religions. Refer students to the Culture Close-Up on Religious Conflict in Europe in their Student Edition for more information.

The Reformation Divides Europe Long-Term Impacts The Reformation ended the supremacy of the pope and the Catholic Church. The wars of religion increased the authority of secular rulers. Some Protestant nations moved toward self-government. John Althusius proposed federalism. Some scholars believe Protestantism contributed to capitalism and social changes.

Legacy of the Reformation The Reformation Divides Europe Legacy of the Reformation Renewal and Reform Luther and Calvin restated the ideas of Jesus. The Catholic Church made reforms too. Freedom Luther said each Christian had an equal chance of salvation. This suggested people are equal. Progress The stress on reading the Bible encouraged literacy and education. Tolerance In time, people accepted different forms of worship. This led to more tolerance in other matters. Suggest that students read the Closer Look feature in the Student Edition to find more details about each of these points.