Significant Foreign Affairs 1) The Far East The Korean War – Dec 1952 Ike fulfilled campaign pledge to personally “go to Korea” (no progress) Hinted he would use the atom bomb An armistice was finally signed US signs a mutual defense treaty with South Korea

UN delegate Lieut. Gen. William K. Harrison, Jr UN delegate Lieut. Gen. William K. Harrison, Jr. (seated left), and Korean People’s Army and Chinese People’s Volunteers delegate Gen. Nam Il (seated right) signing the Korean War armistice agreement at P’anmunjŏm, Korea, July 27, 1953.

Korean DMZ

Significant Foreign Affairs (cont’d) 1) The Far East (cont’d) Indochina (1954) – Geneva Conference Partitioning creates 4 states North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos US does not sign the agreement but gives aid to non-Communist South Vietnam Sec. of State John Foster Dulles creates SEATO (alliance against Communsm’s spread in Asia)

Cold War Alignments 1953

French Indochina Indochina Partitioned

Significant Foreign Affairs (cont’d) 2) Atoms for Peace Established the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 3) The Middle East and the Suez Crisis Egypt seizes the Canal Britain, France, and Israel invade 1956 US opposes the invasion Eisenhower Doctrine: the US pledged to aid any country in the Middle East threatened by Communists 1958: US troops  Lebanon (restore order)

The Atoms for Peace program distributed nuclear technology, materials, and know-how to many countries with less advanced research

Israeli troops preparing for combat in the Sinai peninsula & miscellaneous images of the Suez Crisis.

Significant Foreign Affairs (cont’d) 4) Summit Conferences Geneva Conference 1955 – US, UK, France, and the USSR meet Mission was to reduce international tensions (very cordial meeting) Paris Summit Conference (1960) collapses due to the U-2 Incident 5) Cuba: 1959 Fidel Castro comes to power Initially recognized by the US 1961: Castro seizes US property - retaliation

Khrushchev visits display of U-2 wreckage.

Castro in Washington, D.C., arriving at the MATS Terminal

Cold War Alignments 1962

The Rise of Khrushchev Khrushchev  Premier in 1956 Destalinization Reformer but – maintained dominance of the Communist Party Intellectuals allowed some freedom  Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich) Economy - more consumer goods & decentralized economic planning

Destalinization Starts w/ the death of Stalin Khrushchev cautiously dismantles the apparatus of terror created by Stalin Needed a more relaxed international climate to carry out internal economic and social reforms In Eastern Europe Destalinization appeared to promise a return to the policy of “different roads to socialism” Politicians like Gomulka (Poland) and Kadar (Hungary) released from prison

Khrushchev’s Secret Speech of 1956 February 1956: directly attacked the policies of the Stalin years Twentieth Party Congress  denounced Stalin and his crimes against socialist justice during the purges of the 1930s Opened the way for internal criticism of the Soviet government Afterwards - Eastern Europe cautiously moves for reform

The Three Crises of 1956 and the “Second Cold War” 1956-1963 1) The Suez Crisis (July 1956) 2) Poland Moves Toward Independent Action 3) The Hungarian Uprising (July – Nov. 1956)

1) The Suez Crisis (July 1956) USSR build close relations w/ Egypt US cancels loan for Aswan Dam Egypt nationalized the canal 29 Oct. thru 5 Nov. – Israel, Britain, and France invade Egypt US condemns the attack in the UN 5 Nov. – Khrushchev threatens nuclear missile attacks Cease-fire the following day

Israel 1949 & 1956

French Paratroopers in Port Said

2) Poland Moves Toward Independent Action June riots in Poznan over work targets Polish Communist Party turns to Wladyslaw Gomulka to overcome hostilities Gomulka gives assurances that Poland would remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact Khrushchev w/draws troops – situation in Hungary getting worse

Wladyslaw Gomulka – (Speech 24 October)

3) The Hungarian Uprising Late October 1956: street fighting erupts as a result of Hungarian support for Poles Khrushchev  30,000 troops (tanks & artillery) New government formed Imre Nagy – Communist reformer

Hungarians in Budapest 1956

Imre Nagy

3) The Hungarian Uprising –Nagy Threatens Soviet Power He went further than Gomulka in his demands Nagy: 1) Called for the removal of Soviet troops 2) Sought the neutralization of Hungary 3) Announced plans for the withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact 4) Planned to share power with non- Communist groups

The Soviet Response Early November: Soviet troops invade Hungary Deposed Nagy - later executed Imposed Janos Kadar (loyal to Moscow) as premier

The Second Cold War: 1958-1962 The Berlin Crisis 1958-1961 GDR loyal to USSR – but was an artificial state dependent on Moscow & the Red Army Challenged by a prosperous FRG Open frontier in Berlin allows escape Between 1945-1961  1/6 of the population of the GDR fled westwards

The Berlin Ultimatum, Nov. 1958 Khrushchev believed he could gain concessions from the West by squeezing West Berlin Followed by a 6-month ultimatum  1) demanded the demilitarization of West Berlin 2) withdrawal of Western troops 3) change Berlin’s status  free city West rejects the ultimatum Many discussions leading up to the Paris Summit May 1960

The U-2 Spy Plane Incident USSR shot down Gary Powers’ U-2 Spy Plane over Soviet territory prior to the Paris Summit Conference Khrushchev demanded an apology Ike accepted full responsibility for the surveillance policy but refused to apologize publicly Khrushchev refuses to participate in the Paris Summit; Ike’s trip to Moscow & the conference were aborted

Powers' trial

Why was the Summit Scuttled? USSR did not cancel it only because of the spy flights (long knew of them) China accused the USSR of losing its revolutionary zeal Destroying the summit was a way for the USSR to demonstrate its hard-line toward the capitalist world