The Latin West
Rural Life Serfdom Female subordination Nobility Clergy Peasants “…the image of God is found in man, not in woman…” Thomas Aquinas
Population Growth Population growth = rural poverty China vs. Europe Ineffective farming methods Three Field System Social inequality China vs. Europe 1200: China’s population was twice the size of Europe’s 1300: China and Europe each had roughly 80 million people New Settlements Environmental impacts Drain swamps and deforestation for new cultivated lands Great Famine of 1315-1317 in Europe “By 1300, almost every child born in western Europe faced the problem of extreme hunger at least once or twice during his expected 30-35 years of life”
Black Death Reversed population growth China Mongols and Kaffa Genoese and Italy/France 1 in 3 Europeans died Symptoms Boils Black patches of skin Extreme body odor Pain
Effects of Black Death Psychological Impact Social Changes Religion Penance Jews Party Time! Social Changes Serfdom disappears Higher wages Guilds Serfdom Peasants buy freedom/run away Peasant Revolts Jaquerie (1358 France) Peasants looted castles and killed dozens Wat Tyler (1381 England) Peasants invaded London Killed archbishop of Canterbury and other royal officials
Guilds Membership Shortened periods of apprenticeships Groups of specialized tradesmen/artisans Silversmiths Merchants Blacksmiths Regulated business
Technology Mining Watermills vs. water wheels Dams on rivers Windmills Iron making Bellows Printing press Gutenberg MINING Austria/Hungary Silver, lead, copper mines Church bells, cannons, statues MILLS: water pours over top WHEELS: water runs underneath Mills are more effective and adds force Watermills: grind grain, saw logs, crush olives, tan leather, make paper Windmills: Roman/Islamic/Hellenistic ties Used in medieval Latin West on greater scale
Technology and Architecture The Clock Song Dynasty Western European daily life Cloche: bell Pulley system rather than water powered Regulation of employee work day Beginning and end of class Standardization of day length Gothic Cathedrals 1140: France Pointed arches Flying buttresses Stained glass VERY high Engineering problems Notre Dame de Paris
Industry Geographical and Environmental impacts Textiles New towns Canals Changing flow of rivers Pollution Deforestation Textiles Flemish Cities (Flanders) Bruges, Ghent, Ypres Spinning wheel to England Deforestation: a single iron furnace could consume all the trees within a 5/8 mile radius in 40 days Flemish Cities
Urban Revival 1200: growth results from manufacturing Venice “Fourth Crusade” 15th century dominance The MONGOLS Hanseatic League Baltic trade Champagne (France) International Market Fairs 1204: taking of Constantinople temporarily eliminated Byzantine control of Mediterranean/Black Sea trade Venice control of Crete, etc 15th century Venice: no rival in volume of trade to mediterranean and Alps/central Europe luxury goods: silk/cotton textiles, glassware/mirrors, jewelry and paper (once only available from the East) reduction in dependence on eastern goods in Europe Flemish Textiles: raw wool into fine cloth that is softer/smoother than “homespun” village cloth Champagne: manufactured goods, livestock, produce, currency exchange protection by French kings in 12th century (safety of merchants guaranteed)
Jewish Diaspora
Jewish Diaspora Spain Persecution Ghettoes 1492: Spanish expulsion Poland Blamed for Bubonic Plague Expelled from Spain for “ethnic cleansing”
Banking Florence, Italy Medici family Fuggers, Augsburg Checking accounts, private shareholding, bookkeeping Medici family Government and banking Art Fuggers, Augsburg Jews and Christians Cosimo de Medici FOOG urz
Renaissance “rebirth”
Education 9th Century 12th Century Northern Italy Charlemagne Carolignian Renaissance 12th Century Larger “Renaissance” Cities = center of intellectual and artistic life Universities established Northern Italy Capture of Italy from Byzantines Greek / Arabic manuscripts Plato / Aristotle
Religion and Universities Franciscans St. Francis Simple lives Penance Love of the poor Dominicans St. Dominic Education Theology Madrasas vs. University Latin Bologna: legal training Montpellier and Salerno: medicine Paris and Oxford: theology Queen of science Scholasticism Summa Theologica by Aquinas
Literature and Humanism Dante Alighieri The Divine Comedy Greco-Roman classical themes/mythology Tuscan Vernacular Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales English Vernacular Petrarch Boccaccio
Printing Vatican Library Printing Press Pope Nicholas V Erasmus of Rotterdam New Testament errors/mistranslations Printing Press Gutenberg Movable type New ink Gutenberg Bible 1454— first Western book printed with movable type
Art Flemish Art Giotto Italian Art Florentine painter Replaced stiff Byzantine figures Natural portraits with emotion Italian Art Cosimo de Medici Lorenzo de Medici Saint Peter’s Basilica Flemish Art Jan van Eyck Oil point Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa The Last Supper fresco Michelangelo Sistine Chapel http://www.vatican.va/vari ous/cappelle/sistina_vr/ind ex.html
Great Western Schism (1378-1415) Pope Boniface VIII Divine law makes papacy superior to “every human creature” King Philip “the Fair” “I don’t think so!” Arrest the pope Avignon
Magna Carta (1215) Battle of Hastings 1066 1200-1400 King John William the Conqueror 1200-1400 Wales and Ireland King John Lost Aquitaine What it did: Monarchs subject to established law Independence of the church and London Guaranteed noble’s hereditary rights
Hundred Years War (….that lasted 116 years…someone can’t count) France vs. England Princess Isabella (Fr) and King Edward II (Eng) Edward III of England Claim to French throne France want English lands in “France” 1356: Battle of Poitiers Jean II (Fr) and 2000 nobles taken hostage Ransom is OUTRAGEOUS 1372: Battle of La Rochelle Naval victory for France Control of English Channel 1415: Battle of Agincourt Henry V (En) defeats 20,000 French troops 1st use of artillery 1428-1429: Siege of Orleans Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc (1412-1431) 13 years old Victory at Orleans Visions Charles is rightful king of France Victory at Orleans 1429: Charles crowned king 1430: Joan captured in battle 1431: Recanted visions, sentenced to death Burned at the stake in Rouen
New Monarchies and Iberia Take over lands controlled by women Decreasing dependence on knights Charles VII Tax on vassal lands Jewish tax English Parliament House of Lords House of Commons French Estates General Iberia Spain/Portugal conquest of Muslim Iberia Ferdinand and Isabella Christopher Columbus Jewish and Muslim expulsion