Optoelectronic Integration Emory Coughlin-Tarvas EE4611 4/14/2017

Introduction What is optical integration Some problems that we face Importance Elements Applications Summary References 5 key points

Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) Integrated circuits with optic and electronic components Made by Photolithography and other new forms of integration Materials used Lithium Niobate Gallium Arsenide Indium Phosphide Silica on Silicon

What’s the point? Optical frequencies: Fiber Optics have minimal loss From 4x 10 14 Hz to 2x 10 16 Hz Infrared to Ultraviolet Fiber Optics have minimal loss Minimal Noise Low Voltage and Power input High data transfer rates High speeds

Photon vs Electron Photon Electron Small interaction between photons Propagate outside the medium and for longer distances Electron Larger interaction between electrons Propagate only inside or on the material

Fiber (Silica) Metallic Wire (Copper) Material SiO2 Cu Loss Low High Speed Bandwidth Size Small Weight Very Light Light Interference/Noise Cost Very Cheap Cheap

What is on a PIC chip? Unlike electronic integrated circuits, there is no primary device Waveguides Power Splitters Optical Amplifiers Lasers Detectors

Waveguides Three types Planar Linear Cylindrical

Integrated Lasers Types: Advantages: Gas Solid-State Semiconductor VCSEL Advantages: Compact Low power consumption High-Speed Modulation Tunable

Problem with Pic’s today These elements require a variety of integration techniques and materials Feature size is large Integration density is low Expensive Software is not powerful enough to test yet

Applications Fiber-Optic communications Biomedical Photonic computing Big data computing

Intel The only fully integrated silicon photonics solution with Intel's hybrid laser technology 100 Gigabits per second Wanting to get to 400 Gbps in the future http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/silicon-photonics/silicon-photonics-overview.html

Summary There are many benefits to using optical elements including low power consumption and high speeds The problems we are running into so far are that it is too expensive to make and try at this point As of right now optoelectronics are mostly used in communications

ReSources http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/silicon- photonics/silicon-photonics-overview.html http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1073053 http://boya.xmu.edu.cn/IntOW/OEICs.pdf http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6886968/ https://books.google.com/books?id=GgkXWZPAD4YC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=optoelectro nic+integrated+circuit+reasons&source=bl&ots=UpZmGJg4O7&sig=4Sn4z1w5bG- K2JTI6qkc6QG5kX4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNx7_K5ujSAhWJg1QKHZi3BjoQ6AEIPD AE#v=onepage&q&f=false https://www.elprocus.com/optoelectronics-devices-with-their-applications/ https://www.Wikipedia.com

5 key concepts Speed and efficiency is high, also made with cheap and light materials. Hard to physically make because of technological barriers. Used in many fields including communications, computing, biomedical, and power systems. Fiber optics have low loss and cause minimal noise They can be used at high frequencies with high bandwidth