strong, weak, shadow, collapsed states catatan kuliah 6

collapsed / failed state states strong state weak / quasi state shadow / bandit state collapsed / failed state

weak / quasi state governing elites are somewhere between external dependency and internal institutional weakness (Jackson 1990)

shadow / bandit state governing elites privatise or ‘hi-jack’ the state for their self interest anxious rulers contract a wide array of economic roles to outsiders, in part to deny resources to internal rivals and to use outsiders’ skills and connections to gather as much wealth as possible… rulers then convert wealth into political resources, buying the loyalty of some and buying weapons to coerce others and thus gather more resources and so on (Reno 1998:1)

collapsed/failed state the state has lost its power -either out of incapacity or unwillingness- to govern, make decisions, be the social manager of the nation, provide public services, and in many cases, retain its sovereignty vis a vis international suprastate, state and nonstate actors complex political emergency (cpe)

collapsed/failed state state failure or collapse is a long-term degenerative disease, whose outcome is not inevitable, where cure and remission are possible failed states are ones which are unsuccessful in recovering their balance and returning to more or less normal functions (Zartman 1995:8)

collapsed/failed state one factor which distinguishes the failed or collapsed state phenomenon from other instances of government change is the inability of civil society to resilient: “to fill positions, restore faith, support government, and rally round the successor” (Zartman 1995: 8)

collapsed/failed state a deeper phenomenon than mere rebellion, coup, or riot not simply a byproduct of the rise of ethnic nationalism not a matter of civilizational decay a much more specific, narrow, and identifiable, a political cause and effect with social and economic implications, and one that represents a significant anomaly

state decline: reasons transformation of the international state system ultraprivatisation of African states declining integrity of African armed forces rising tide of subnational antistate challenges (Forrest 1998: 47)

crisis of state legitimacy crisis of accumulation: inefficient import substitution programs, agricultural sector put aside, no reinvestment crisis of governance: centralisation, no chance for constitutional regime change, corruption (Thomson)

civil society? disengagement & exit strategies: emigration, insulation from excesses of public policy, removing (economic) activity to the margins of state control, self sufficiency, parallel market, smuggling, petty crime, banditry insurgency – greed or/and grievance private government

state survival strategies re-legitimisation of state: election state inversion: scale down operation foreign patronage ‘facilitating’ parallel markets warlord state