Ecology

Section 1: Ecology Living things and the environment Ecology is the study of how _________ interact with ____________ and with their __________ _________- an ______________ that provides the things that an organism needs to _______, ________, and __________ __________- anything that obtains _________, __________, __________, and other things that they need to survive from its environment organisms Each other environment environment Habitat live grow reproduce Organism water shelter food

Section 1: Ecology Organisms interact with both the _________ and ____________ parts of its __________ _______________= the __________ parts Examples include: __________________________ _______________= the ______________ parts Examples include: __________________________ Why do they need abiotic factors? ____________________________________________ living nonliving environment Biotic factors living plants, other organisms Abiotic factors nonliving Water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, soil Food

Section 1: Ecology Levels of organization organism population Smallest level of organization All members of one species within an area community All of the different populations that interact in an area ecosystem All living and nonliving things that interact

Section 1: Ecology biomes ecosystem community population organism

Section 2: Studying Populations Determining population size Several different techniques are used _________________- most simple method is to _______ all of its members within that habitat ___________________- sometimes its easier to ________ signs of a __________ rather than the organisms themselves Example: ____________________________________ Direct observations count indirect observations count populations Counting nests, or shelters

Section 2: Studying Populations count 3. _________- is to ________ the number of organisms within a small area (________), and then _________ to find the number in a larger area Used when populations are too _______ or the area is too __________ out 4. _________________- another __________ method First, animals of a ____________ are captured and ________, then returned back to their _________ Later scientists return to the same area to __________ animals of the same __________, they will count and record how many _______ v.s. __________they capture Using a formula they are able to ____________ the total population Sampling sample multiply large spread Mark- and- recapture estimating population habitat released recapture populations mark unmarked estimate

Section 2: Studying Populations Changes in a __________ size Populations can change in ______ when new members join the population or when members ________ the population _____________: number of ________ in a population within a certain amount of time _____________: number of ________ in a population in a certain amount of time If birth rate _____ death rate, ___________________ If death rate _____ birth rate, ___________________ population size leave Birth rate Births Death rate deaths > Population is increasing > Population is decreasing

Section 2: Studying Populations Other ways the size of a population can change: ______________: others move into a population ______________: members move out of a population These changes in a population can be displayed by using a ______________ Graphs must include: _____________________________________ immigration emigration Line graph X and Y axis Titles Title End units if appropriate in ()

Wildcats Share Create a Graph Create a graph based upon the following data. Number of Rabbits (thousands) Year of study 200 400 1 500 2 620 3 850 4 550 5 420 6 380 7 300 8 9 280 10 Changes in Rabbit population 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of rabbits (thousands) Year of study

Section 2: Studying Populations   Population density Number individuals

Section 2: Studying Population So why are populations not able to grow to extreme numbers when living conditions are good? _______________________ An ________________________ that causes a population to ________________ Examples: ____________________ ___________________: is the largest ______________ that an area can support Limiting factors Environmental factor decrease Food water space Weather conditions Carrying capacity population

What would its carrying capacity be?

Section 3: Interactions There are ___ major types of interactions among organisms _______________: struggle between organisms to ____________ as they use the same ______________ 2. _______________: interaction where one organism does the _____________, the ___________, and the other is _________, or _________ 3. ________________: close ______________ between ____ species that benefits at least one of them 3 competition survive Limited resource Predation predator killing food prey symbiosis Relationship 2

Section 3: Interactions Symbiosis ___________________ Relationship in which ________ species __________ Example: _______________ and _____________________ Mutualism both benefit Saguaro cacti Long-eared bats The Cactus provides ________ for the bat, while the bat helps to _________ by carrying pollen to other cacti food pollinate

Section 3: Interactions ____________________: relationship where __ species _______ and the other species is neither _________ nor ________ Example: _______________________________ Commensalism 1 benefits harmed helped Saguaro cactus and red tailed hawks The Cactus provides ________ for the hawk, while the cactus is not affected shelter

Section 3: Interactions Parasitism ________________: involves one organisms living _____ or __________ another and causing _________ ___________________- is the organism that benefits ___________- is the organism in which it lives or is being harmed Example: _______________________________________ Which is parasite? _________________________ Which is host? _______________ on inside harm Parasite host Tapeworm and dog The dog provides ________________ for the tapeworm Food/shelter tapeworm dog

Section 4: Energy flow Each of the organisms within an ___________ fills the energy role of __________, __________, or _____________ Producer- makes their _______ _______ Source of ______ food in an ____________ Example: ______________________________ Consumer- obtains _______ by feeding on others, cannot make their own _______ Classified by what they _______ _______________- eat ___________ ______________ - eat ___________ ______________ - eat _________ and _________ Also known as a __________________ ecosystem producer consumer decomposers Own food all ecosystem Plants, algae, and some bacteria Energy food eat plants herbivore carnivore Animals omnivore Animals plants scavengers

Section 4: Energy Flow Decomposers: break down _________ and _______ organisms in ecosystems Helps to _________________ and are known as __________________ While obtaining _________ for their needs they return simple _____________ to the environment Example: __________________________________ wastes dead Prevent problems Nature's recyclers Energy molecules Mushrooms and bacteria

Section 4: Energy Flow Movement of _________ through an _________ can be shown in diagrams called ______________ and ____________ Food Chain- consists of a series of ________ in which one _____________ eats another and obtains _______ Ecosystem Energy Food chain Food web events organism Energy

Section 4: Energy Flow Food chains Food webs- consists of many overlapping ___________ in an ____________ ecosystem

Third- Level Consumers Second- Level Consumers First- Level Consumers Section 4: Energy Flow ____________________ Shows the amount of _______ that moves from one ________ level to another in a ___________ Energy Pyramid Energy feeding Food web hawk As you move up less energy is available Third- Level Consumers Lizard Snake Most energy is available at Second- Level Consumers mouse Grasshopper rabbit First- Level Consumers grass Producers

Section 5: Biomes __________: group of ______ ________ with similar __________ and _____________ There are ____ major biomes- ___________________ Land ecosystems Biome climates organisms 6 Rain forest desert grassland Deciduous forest boreal forest tundra

Section 6: Aquatic Ecosystems Two types of aquatic systems _______________ Include _________, __________, _________, and __________ Ponds and lakes are ____________________________ Freshwater Ponds lakes rivers streams Bodies of Standing or still water

Section 6: Aquatic Ecosystems 2. ________________ _____________: is found where ________ water of a river meets the _________ water _________________: between the highest ___________ line and the lowest ___________ line _________________: below the low-tide line is shallow water which extends to the ________________ ______________: begins from the neritic zone Contains a __________________: where _________ can penetrate Contains a ________________: below the surface zone Marine Estuary fresh salt Intertidal zone High-tide low-tide neritic zone Continental shelf Open ocean Surface zone light Deep zone

Section 6: Aquatic Ecosystems Estuary Intertidal zone neritic zone Surface zone Deep zone