Forging the National Economy ( )

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Presentation transcript:

Forging the National Economy (1790-1860) Chapter 14

A. The Westward Movement Westward moving population Alleghenies Ohio Valley Incredibly hard life Isolated Ill-informed Dangerous Superstitious

Mythical, lone-wolf figures Natty Bumpo Captain Ahab

B. Shaping the Western Landscape Clear-cut agriculture erosion, Over-cultivation Beaver trappers in Rocky Mountains

Buffalo hides Ecological imperialism

Natural resources George Caitlin

C. The March of Millions 1860- US 4th largest nation in the world Growth of American cities Urbanization Slums High birth rate & immigration Land of freedom & opportunity Faster transportation

Railroad carriages are pulled at the enormous speed of 15 miles per hour by engines which, in addition to endangering life and limb of passengers, roar and snort their way through the countryside, setting fire to the crops, scaring the livestock, and frightening women and children. The Almighty certainly never intended that people should travel at such breakneck speed.” -Martin Van Buren

D. The Emerald Isle Moves West Potato famine of 1840s Boston & New York Hated by natives Did low class & dangerous jobs NINA -No Irish need apply

Slowly rose in prominence- Tammany Hall Political machines

E. The German 48ers 1830s-1860s Not as poor as Irish Midwest Crop failures Failed democratic revolutions Not as poor as Irish Midwest Against slavery Drinking on the Sabbath Temperance

F. Flare-ups of Antiforeignism Anti-foreign & anti-Catholic Catholics gained prominence (1850- majority) Immigrants helped economy grow

Attacks on Catholic schools, churches, & convents American nativists “Order of the Star Spangled Banner” Know-Nothings American Party Fictional literature Attacks on Catholic schools, churches, & convents

G. Creeping Mechanization Slow to move to factory system Cheap land Cheap manufactured items from Britain British laws

H. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin- 1793 Spread cotton production west Started American industrial revolution Revived slavery (manumission)

Samuel Slater- to Rhode Island- 1791 Textile mills started in the Northeast (water) 400 million lbs. annually

I. Marvels in Manufacturing Factories spread slowly until 1807 Embargo & non-intercourse Treaty of Ghent- 1815 Protective Tariff of 1816 Eli Whitney- Interchangeable Parts Early method of assembly line Gave north manufacturing advantage Rapid growth in patents- 1800-1860

“What hath God wrought…” Samuel Morse’s telegraph- 1844

J. Workers & “Wage Slaves” Owners vs. workers Factory conditions Labor unions forbidden Child labor Early demands of workers Higher wages, better conditions, shorter day, education for children Strikes by 1830s & 40s Strikebreakers

Win for the Unions MA supreme court- Commonwealth vs. Hunt- 1842- unions legal

K. Women & the Economy Factory girls of New England (young, unmarried); 12-14 hr days Lowell Factory System Women in teaching Women in domestic work

Most women didn’t work, those that did were mostly unmarried Fewer arranged marriages Lower birth rate (domestic feminism) Cult of domesticity

L. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields Corn farming in western pioneer families Hogs & liquor Corn to the south

New inventions 1837- John Deere- steel plow 1830s- Cyrus McCormick- automatic reaper

M. Highways & Steamboats PN Turnpike- 1790s Prompted western migration Little federal funding National/Cumberland Road- 1811-1852

Steamboats- Robert Fulton’s Clermont- 1807 2-way transportation 1820- 60 on the MS River 1860- 1,000 on MS Drew populations to river banks

N. Clinton’s Big Ditch in NY Erie Canal- 1817-1825 Linked Great Lakes to Atlantic Not federally funded Cost, speed, population

O. The Iron Horse More versatile than canals Cheaper Easier to build Could go almost anywhere 1828-1860- 30,000 miles of track Different gauges Poor brakes- Westinghouse Pullman sleeping car- 1859 Iron

P. Cables, Clippers, & Pony Riders 1819- transatlantic steamer 1858- transatlantic cable 1840s & 1850s- clipper ships 1860- pony express 1861- cable to CA

Q. The Transport Web Binds the Union Sections of nation tied together Depended on each other North made manufactured goods- sent south & west South grew cotton- sent north to mills West grew grains & livestock- food for other regions & Europe

R. The Market Revolution Turning into a nation of consumers Growth of corporations (limited liability) Boston Associates No longer self-sufficient households Social mobility or improving standard of living?