Our Solar System and Beyond

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Presentation transcript:

Our Solar System and Beyond بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم محاضرة الاحد والإثنين 27-28.11.2011 Chapter 6 Formation of Planetary Systems Our Solar System and Beyond

يتلخص الفصل السادس في النقاط التالية اهداف تعليمية للفصل السادس اهداف تعليمية للفصل السادس 6.4 تكوين الكواكب لماذا يوجد نوعين رئيسيين من الكواكب؟ من أيت تأتي الكويكبات والمذنبات؟ كيف نفسر وجود قمرنا والاستثنائات الاخرى للقواعد؟ متى تكونت الكواكب؟ 6.5 أنظمة شمسية اخرى كيف نتحقق من وجود كواكب حول نجوم اخرى؟ كيف نقارن كواكب من مجموعات نجمية أخرى بالكواكب في مجموعتنا الشمسية ؟ هل نحن بحاجة الى تطوير نظريتنا حول تكوين النظام الشمسي؟ 6.1 رحلة سريعة عن النظام الشمس ماذا يشبه النظام الشمسي؟ 6.2 قرائن ودلائل تكوين نظامنا الشمسي ماهي خصائص نظامنا الشمسي والدالة على كيفية تكوينه؟ ماهي النظرية التي توضح توضيحا دقيقا خصائص نظامنا الشمسي؟ 6.3 ميلاد النظام الشمسي: من أين اتى النظام الشمسي؟ ما هو سبب تكون الانماط المختلفة للحركة في النظام الشمسي.

6.1 رحلة سريعة عن النظام الشمس ماذا يشبه النظام الشمسي؟ 6.1 رحلة سريعة عن النظام الشمس ماذا يشبه النظام الشمسي؟

الشمس The Sun • Radius: 696,000 km 108 REarth • Mass: 333,000 MEarth • Composition (by mass): 98% hydrogen and helium, 2% other elements It contains more than 99.8% of the solar system’s total mass, making it more than a thousand times as massive as everything else in the solar system combined.

Each second, fusion transforms about 600 million tons of the Sun’s hydrogen into 596 million tons of helium. The “missing” 4 million tons becomes energy in accord with Einstein’s famous formula, E= mc2

Mercury • Average distance from the Sun: 0.39 AU • Radius: 2440 km 0.38REarth • Mass: 0.055MEarth • Average density: 5.43 g/cm3 • Composition: rocks, metals • Average surface temperature: 700 K (day), 100 K (night) • Moons:0 Temperatures reach 425°C—nearly as hot as hot coals. At night or in shadow, the temperature falls below -150°C—far colder than Antarctica in winter Its 58.6-day rotation period means it rotates exactly three times for every two of its 87.9-day orbits of the Sun. This combination of rotation and orbit gives Mercury days and nights that last about 3 Earth months each

Venus • Average distance from the Sun: 0.72 AU • Radius: 6051 km 0.95 REarth • Mass: 0.82 MEarth • Average density: 5.24 g/cm3 • Composition: rocks, metals • Average surface temperature: 740 K • Moons: 0

Earth • Average distance from the Sun: 1.00 AU • Radius: 6378 km 1REarth • Mass: 1.00MEarth • Average density: 5.52 g/cm3 • Composition: rocks, metals • Average surface temperature: 290 K • Moons: 1

Mars • Average distance from the Sun: 1.52 AU • Radius: 3397 km 0.53REarth • Mass: 0.11MEarth • Average density: 3.93 g/cm3 • Composition: rocks, metals • Average surface temperature: 220 K • Moons: 2 (very small)

Jupiter • Average distance from the Sun: 5.20 AU • Radius 71,492 km 11.2REarth • Mass: 318MEarth • Average density: 1.33 g/cm3 • Composition: mostly hydrogen and helium • Cloud-top temperature: 125 K • Moons: at least 63

Saturn • Average distance from the Sun: 9.54 AU • Radius: 60,268 km 9.4REarth • Mass: 95.2MEarth • Average density: 0.70 g/cm3 • Composition: mostly hydrogen and helium • Cloud-top temperature: 95 K • Moons: at least 60

Uranus • Average distance from the Sun: 19.2 AU • Radius: 25,559 km 4.0REarth • Mass: 14.5MEarth • Average density: 1.32 g/cm3 • Composition: hydrogen, helium, hydrogen compounds • Cloud-top temperature: 60 K • Moons: at least 27

Neptune • Average distance from the Sun: 30.1 AU • Radius 24,764 km 3.9REarth • Mass: 17.1MEarth • Average density: 1.64 g/cm3 • Composition: hydrogen, helium, hydrogen compounds • Cloud-top temperature: 60 K • Moons: at least 13

Pluto, as photographed by the HubbleSpace Telescope. Pluto (and Other Dwarf Planets) • Pluto’s average distance from the Sun: 39.5 AU • Radius: 1160 km 0.18REarth • Mass: 0.0022MEarth • Average density: 2.0 g/cm3 • Composition: ices, rock • Average surface temperature: 40 K • Moons: 3 Figure 6.11 Pluto, as photographed by the HubbleSpace Telescope.