Europe and Russia Human Geography

Physical features cause cultural barriers…

Learning Objectives Learn about supranationalism in Europe Understand the nationalism that has thrown the region into armed conflict many times What is nationalism?

Introduction Different climates, landforms, agricultural output Europe is diverse Different climates, landforms, agricultural output 37 different countries Many different languages and cultures Long history of warfare, mostly along national lines Europe is globalizing, was a major colonial power European Union, a supranational organization Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia broke up; Germany is reunited Beginning of the Industrial Revolution Center of 19th century imperialism What is imperialism?

The European Realm (culture region of influence) Results of: classical civilizations, Christianity, the Renaissance & Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions. Industrial Revolution started here: This greatly altered many kinds of relationships in the world. The various countries within the realm have a history of interaction among themselves. Has been highly influenced by “Western Culture”

Themes of Geography: Factors to Europe’s Historical Success Place: climate conducive to production Location: access to major waterways, centrally located (hearth) Human Environment Interaction: abundance of coal and iron ore (makes steel!) >>> Movement: maritime dominance, imperialism (What is imperialism?)

TIMELINE ALERT! NEXT SLIDE!!

Supranationalism European Union Began as European Economic Community Mission: common foreign policies and mutual security agreements, greater economic integration and common currency Began as European Economic Community (EEC), 1957. Stronger in 1994 10 new members joined, 2004 Turkey and Romania want to join but have faced resistance. Why? Conflict in Ukraine? Russia vs. EU

TIMELINE ALERT! NEXT SLIDE!!

TIME OUT! Turn to a partner and answer these questions together… Explain what the European Realm is and what has influenced it? Analyze what has contributed to Europe’s historical success. What are the purposes of the European Union?

Let’s clear something up Great Britain is an island that includes England Scotland Wales United Kingdom is the name of a country Includes: All on the island of Great Britain Northern Ireland. United Kingdom Island of

I need 10 people to stand up and come to the front Population Density Let’s act this out!!! I need 10 people to stand up and come to the front

Settlement and Population Population Density in the Core and Periphery - 523 million people in Europe (more than half a billion) - Highest densities (lots of people in smaller area) located in historic industrial core (England, Netherlands, N. France, N. Italy, Western Germany)

Settlement and Population The Landscapes of Urban Europe Europe is highly urbanized Over 50% of the population in most countries live in urban areas (cities); 90% of the people in the UK and Belgium live in urban areas.

Compared to U.S. Clickthe link below to see size comparison! http://goeurope.about.com/od/europeanma ps/l/bl-country-size-comparison-map.htm Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Settlement and Population Natural Growth: The Demographic Transition Model Europe continues to experience slow natural growth (birth rates lower than or almost equal to death rates What stage is this? New Stage? Immigration prevents population decline… Where have we seen this? Causes? Effects?

Europe’s Population Implosion Shrinking population rather than a growing population – below Zero Population Growth (ZPG) Reaction to urbanization and the expense of raising children in urban/industrial societies fertility rates in some countries have dropped below 2.1 Industrialization and urbanization usually move a country to the fourth stage of the demographic transition

Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

TIME OUT! Let’s answer these questions together… Where do most people live in Europe? What does high-density population mean? What 2 countries have highest urban populations? What stage of the DTM is most of Europe in? Why? What are causes and effects of this?

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Migration into Europe Immigration has increased because of job opportunities Europeans take mostly higher level, skilled jobs…leave lower level, physical labor jobs. EU working to establish common immigration policy throughout region Guest workers – migrant workers from other countries Germany has large immigrant population Additional migration from Eastern to Western Europe in the 1990’s (after what?)

EU facilitates movement of workers to developed Areas – problem in economic downturn

Let’s read about a specific case study on immigration in Germany!

Migration Migration to and Within Europe Causes? Effects? Growing resistance to unlimited migration Scarce jobs should go to Europeans first Concerns about international terrorism Frustration with immigrants not integrating Concern about dilution (?) of national culture

Social services of Europe Government services Education Public medical & health care (almost all European) Retirement Europe's Generous pension systems France recently raised the retirement age from 60 to 62 and the pension age, which determines when people can begin accessing their pension funds, from 65 to 67. The French government says it can no longer afford the earlier retirement and pension ages. France is not the only country facing a budget crunch partially because of its generous pension system, coupled with an aging population and a struggling economy. Across Europe, home to many of the world's most generous national pension systems, countries are struggling to afford this staple of the welfare state.  WHAT IS A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS???

Religion The Schism Between Western and Eastern Christianity Division in 1054 of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches Greek missionaries refused to accept Roman Catholic hierarchy and rule by Roman bishops 16th century Protestant Reformation, break from Catholic church in Northern Europe

Religion Europe is becoming a secularized society Secularization: movement away from traditional organized religions Roman Catholicism (250 million Roman Catholics) Southern and parts of Eastern Europe, Ireland Protestantism (fewer than 100 million Protestants) Northern Europe (not Ireland) and Scandinavia Eastern Orthodox Christianity Balkans, Romania, Russia, and Bulgaria

Religions of Europe (Fig. 8.19)

Islam in Europe WATCH THIS VIDEO AND TAKE NOTES >>> Conflicts with Islam Currently fastest growing religion in Europe Migrant population changing religious demographics of Europe Effects of cultural shift? WATCH THIS VIDEO AND TAKE NOTES >>> https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/frances-burkini-debate-about-a-bathing-suit-and-a-countrys-peculiar-secularism/2016/08/26/48ec273e-6bad-11e6-91cb-ecb5418830e9_story.html

Eastern Europe is Culturally Diverse! Many different ethnic groups of people all living in the same place Leads to multiple Languages & Religions Religion: Major ones are Eastern Orthodox Christians, Catholicism, Islam, and Judaism Result: = conflict

Let’s read about a specific case study regarding ethnic conflict and language in Eastern Europe.

Conflicts over National Identities In Eastern Europe, there have been frequent conflicts over ethnic identities Why? Centuries of foreign rule = ethnic groups want to fiercely protect their ethnic heritage Wanted to become “nation-states” Fought over who should rule territory Led to “Balkanization”: process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units Political unit of people Who share a common Culture or history

Eastern Europe’s economy Economic Transition in Eastern Europe Historically, Eastern Europe has been less well developed than Western Europe Has been under control of outsiders (Ottoman Turks, Germans, Soviet Russians) Soviet Russians redeveloped Eastern Europe after WWII as communist, slowing down their goal towards development “A 47-nation 2007 Pew Global Attitudes survey found that, among the seven major world regions included in the study, support for free markets was lowest in Eastern Europe and Latin America.

Explain this cartoon!

EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TODAY Europe’s challenges vary EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TODAY Europe’s challenges vary. CREATE A T-CHART IN YOUR NOTES FOR THE FOLLOWING: Western Europe is one of the wealthiest areas on earth Progressive approach to environment Ideas of nationalism are giving way to supranationalism and one currency/economic unit. Europe must deal with immigrants and resulting political tension, and address political problems in other regions Eastern Europe faces very different challenges Political strife and instabilty Economic stagnation Environmental degradation (pollution) Eastern Europe wishes to join the west