Super Conductivity/ Quantum Locking NASA Hunch Bethanie Hart

Conductors (not at superconducting state) Electrons can flow through conductors There is Resistance. Conducting Materials such as wires e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e-

Light As the resistance goes down and the current goes Up the Light will get brighter. Wires Resistance 10K or -263 degrees C Temperature

Type 1 superconductors

Copper Lattice Inside the Wire there is something known as a copper lattice + e- + + + + + + + + + +

The electrons are attracted to the giant positive Charge at the end of the lattice. + e- + + + + + + + + + +

The electrons and the slight positive charges are also attracted to each other. + e- + + + + + + + + + +

The electron wants to get to the Huge positive charge but the smaller positive charges are also attracted to the electron that is trying to go through the copper lattice. The Slight Positive charges Distort. And the positive charges move towards the middle. + e- + + + + + + + + + +

The Positive Charges form a bigger Positive Charge in middle of the copper lattice. + e- + + + + + + + + + + +

+ e- + + + + + + + + + + + e- e- The electrons still want to stay away form each other but they also want to get to the positive charge so they form Cooper pairs which are pairs of electrons. e- e- + e-

To make these bonds it takes very little energy To make these bonds it takes very little energy. At room temperature (and any other temperature above 10 degrees K) there is enough energy to break the cooper pairs. If below 10 degrees Kelvin then the Copper pairs stay together.

Another Way to Look at it http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/Matthew_Titus/How%20Superconductors%20Work.html

http://ffden-2. phys. uaf. edu/212_fall2003. web http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/Matthew_Titus/How%20Superconductors%20Work.html

http://ffden-2. phys. uaf. edu/212_fall2003. web http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/Matthew_Titus/How%20Superconductors%20Work.html

Think about computer circuit No computer has ever had an circuit in which it never looses energy because in order for it to reach a superconducting state it has to be cold. But think in space when you travel to places that are almost 0 degrees Kelvin. You would able to travel forever with no loss of energy.

Continued… Superconducting material could potentially produce 10 times the amount of power. So I think for the travel into space you could use gas or a supply of liquid Nitrogen or Liquid helium and once you got to below 10 k you could switch the primary motor to a superconducting circuit.

Type 2 Superconductors

Type 2 vs. Type 1 Superconductors Does not use the Meissner effect Called “Hard” They have a high Critical Field Tolerate impurities Has to be liquid nitrogen cold Uses meissner effect Soft metals Low critical field Current flows through the surface of the material Better known Has to be liquid helium cold

Type 2 Allows some magnetic field to go through the surface There are visible stripes that you can see without a microscope but is only roughly indicated These Stripes have only been occurred in type two super conductors.

How do Type 2 superconductors work? Stripes can be observed on high temperature superconductors like YBCO. The Green is the Copper atoms and the Blue is the oxygen atoms rest other elements

Visible stripes are on the copper and oxygen atoms parallel planes In between the planes there is other elements (red and yellow) that absorb the electrons from the copper atoms that leave positively charged holes that then cling together. http://physics.aps.org/story/v9/st12

the holes cover up the magnetism from the copper atoms. The holes also jump side across the copper atoms which causes a loss of energy because it would normally jump up and down. But then If a long strip of the holes on top of the copper atoms form it creates a pathway. The positive charge holes still repel each other but it takes more energy to break off the stripe then to repel. This pathway has then no magnetic field and no field pattern so therefore there is no resistance.

Another Way to look at it The Magnetic Flux is put into tubes or vertices which jump around creating resistance. Then it is in Vertex State Zero which means there is zero resistance because the materials have enough flaws or impurities to pin the vertices in place. Which Forms A vortex lattice.

Type 2 superconductors do not use the meissner effect For our expirement you can only use type 2 superconducters

Although this experiment is uses a type 1 superconductor

Main References http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuloQcljFOs http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/scond.html http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/Matthew_Titus/How%20Superconductors%20Work.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpQcr8mBVDo