Things you have to have memorized

Common polyatomic ions Ammonium NH4+ Chlorate ClO3- Acetate CH3CO2- Perchlorate ClO4- Chromate CrO42- Nitrate NO3- Permanganate MnO4- Dichromate Cr2O72- Nitrite NO2- Carbonate CO32- Hydroxide OH- Sulfate SO42- Phosphate PO43- Hypochlorite ClO- Sulfite SO32- Chlorite ClO2- Oxalate Cyanide CN- Thiocyanate SCN- Hydrogen carbonate HCO3- Hydrogen sulfate HSO4- Hydrogen sulfite HSO3- Iodate IO3- Bromate BrO3- C2O42- Silicate SiO32- Thiosulfate S2O32- Arsenate AsO43-

Strong acids All Halogens except Fluorine. Get the F out. formula Formula Hydrochloric acid HCl Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Hydrobromic acid HBr Nitric Acid HNO3 Hydriodic acid HI Perchloric Acid HClO4 All Halogens except Fluorine. Get the F out. All oxyanions where there are 2 or more oxygen atoms than hydrogen

Strong Bases Name Formula Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Calcium Hydroxide these make a lightning bolt on the periodic table! Name Formula Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Potassium Hydroxide KOH Strontium Hydroxide Sr(OH)2 All group 1 elements (Group 1)OH Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2

Strong Acids/Bases Strong acids and bases completely dissociate in water. For any net ionic equation, they will be H+ (H3O+) or OH- Generally the conjugate acid or base is a spectator ion

Charge common of monoatomic ions All Group 1 elements are + All Group 2 are 2+ All halogens are - Ag is + Cd, Zn and Ni are 2+ Al and Sc are 3+ Cu 2+ / + Fe 3+/ 2+ Cr 3+/ 2+ Co 2+ /3+ Pb 2+ /4+ Sn 4+ / 2+

Solubility Rules Acids are soluble. Compounds of: alkali metals, ammonium, nitrate, chlorate are soluble. Halogens and silver, mercury or lead are insoluble (AgCl is the most common)

Solutions Most solutions are clear. Copper solutions are blue. Nickel solutions are green Iron III is yellow to orange. (Iron II is light blue) Permanganate is purple Chromate is yellow Dichromate is orange Metal coordination complexes are a variety of colors.

Precipitates/metal salts Most precipitates are white Most copper precipitates are blue Iron III are orange

Gases H2, He, NH3, CH4 float. Everything else sinks in regular air. All noble gases are nonreactive (will put out a flame. CO2 and N2 also put out a flame. O2 reignites a smoldering splint. H2 “pops” in a flame CH4 burns with O2

Metal Ion Flame Tests Li+ Red Na+ Orange K+ Pink/Purple Ca2+ Color Li+ Red Na+ Orange K+ Pink/Purple Ca2+ Orange/Red Sr2+ Ba2+ Green Cu2+ Blue/Green Fe3+ Gold