THEORYOFEVOLUTION RAPONSEL S. PACSI THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION BORN IN SHREWSBURY, ENGLAND ON FEBRUARY 12, 1809 KNOWN ORIGINATOR OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY PARTICULARLY ON NATURAL SELECTION EMBARKED ON A FIVE-YEAR SURVEY VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD ON THE HMS BEAGLE THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION CHARLES DARWIN (1809 – 1882)

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION DARWIN’S VOYAGE THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION GALAPAGOS ISLAND

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

WHAT DID DARWIN FOUND OUT? THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION WHAT DID DARWIN FOUND OUT?

FINCHES HAS DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEAKS THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION The tortoises on each island in the Galapagos had different types of shells. THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Darwin hypothesized that organisms had a common ancestor, but had adapted to their particular environments and changed over time. Darwin published his research in 1859 THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION NATURAL SELECTION states that "the strong survive”. organisms best suited to the new circumstances will succeed. THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Natural selection essentially states that "the strong survive." The basic idea is that when change occurs, those organisms best suited to the new circumstances will thrive. Those who are not ideally suited will not be able to compete. Charles Darwin proposed this principle after observing some population variations in birds. He noticed that animals within a species often had slightly varied traits, and that those traits made some more suited to certain conditions. Darwin's theory was that, over time, the better suited animals would thrive and the others would die out completely. The resulting population would be entirely made up of those animals with the "better" trait. Over time, he reasoned, this could result in a species changing enough traits to eventually become a totally different creature, like a fish becoming a frog. 

STORY ABOUT PEPPERED MOTH THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION There have been some concerns expressed about the real meanings of the theory of natural selection. There is no doubt that variations within a single species make some members better suited to handle different circumstances. For instance, there's a popular story in science texts about moths. These moths lived in cities around the time of the industrial revolution and had to deal with increased pollution

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Lighter-colored moths stood out on soot-stained buildings and trees, and thus, were easier targets for birds. The darker moths found it easier to survive, because they blended into the darkened environment. As a result, the population of light-colored moths dwindled over time, and the darker-colored moths increased. The dominance of the darker moths is used as an example of natural selection.  At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England, coal burning produced soot that covered the countryside in many areas

98 % DARK COLORED MOTH THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Many of the light-bodied lichens died from sulphur dioxide emissions, and the trees became darkened. This led to an increase in bird predation for light-coloured moths, as they no longer blended in as well in their polluted ecosystem: indeed, their bodies now dramatically contrasted with the colour of the bark. Dark-coloured moths, on the other hand, were camouflaged very well by the blackened trees. The population of dark-coloured moth rapidly increased. By the mid-19th century, the number of dark-coloured moths had risen noticeably, and by 1895, the percentage of dark-coloured moths in Manchester was reported at 98%, a dramatic change (of almost 100%) from the original frequency.[4] This effect of industrialization in body colour led to the coining of the term "industrial melanism 98 % DARK COLORED MOTH

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION White moths became easier to see, while the black moths became harder to see. The black moths were more likely to survive and pass on the gene for dark color to their offspring. Over time, the black moth have become more common.

MAIN TYPES OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

UNILINEAR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

UNILINEAR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY This theory contends that all societies pass through the same successive stages of evolution and reach the same end. THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

Sir Edward Burnett Tyler (1832-1917) KEY THEORISTS THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) Sir Edward Burnett Tyler (1832-1917)

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION ANCIENT SOCIETY THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)

ANCIENT SOCIETY (Morgan,1877) Example of 19th century evolutionism applied to society Assumes one line along which all societies evolved Assumes human society evolved through a series of stages – savagery, barbarism and civilization Divided savagery and barbarism into three distinct sub-stages THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION SAVAGERY Lower savagery: humans exist through subsistence based on fruit and nuts Middle savagery: people start fishing and gain control over fire Upper savagery: invention of bow and arrow THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION BARBARISM Lower barbarism: humans start making pottery Middle barbarism: domestication of plants and animals (Old World) and irrigated agriculture (Americas) Upper barbarism: iron smelting and use of iron tools THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION CIVILIZATION Development of writing and mathematics

Sir Edward Burnett Tyler (1832-1917) PRIMITIVE CULTURE THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Sir Edward Burnett Tyler (1832-1917)

PRIMITIVE CULTURE (Tyler , 1871) Takes evolutionary approach to anthropology of religion Proposed UNILINEAR path from animism, through polytheism and monotheism to science ANIMISM-belief in personalized , supernatural beings (or souls) that often inhabit ordinary animals and objects, POLYTHEISM- belief in PLURALITY of gods MONOTHEISM- belief in ONE God THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION SURVIVALS Both Tyler and Morgan interested in survivals – practices that survive in contemporary societies from earlier evolutionary stages E.g. belief in ghosts today represents survival from stage of animism Survivals taken as evidence that society had passed through earlier evolutionary stages THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

MULTILINEAR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

MULTI LINEAR EVOLUTION THEORY This theory holds that change can occur in several ways and does not inevitably lead in the same direction. THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

MULTI LINEAR EVOLUTION THEORY All cultures of the world have not passed through the same developmental stage were different in different areas or sub areas. The methodology is based on assumption that significant regularities or parallels occur in culture change, and it is concerned with determination of laws. THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

UNIVERSAL THEORY OF EVOLUTION THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

UNIVERSAL THEORY OF EVOLUTION CULTURE OF MANKIND IS TAKEN AS A WHOLE IT DOES’NT NECESSARILY GO THROUGH THE SAME FIXED STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT. BUT ALSO FOLLOWED A DEFINITE LINE OF EVOLUTION THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION KEY PROPONENTS THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION HERBERT SPENCER LESLIE WHITE GORDON CHILDE

SPENCER’S VIEWS MANKIND HAD PROGRESSED FROM SMALL GROUP TO LARGE FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX FROM HOMOGENOUS TO HETEROGENOUS THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

WHITE STATEMENT "We may say that culture as a whole serves the need of man as a species. But this does not and cannot help us at all when we try to account for the variations of specific culture. The functioning of any particular culture will of course be conditioned by local environmental conditions. But in a consideration of culture as a whole, we may average all environments together to form a constant factor”. THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION CHILDE STATEMENT "ALL SOCIETIES HAVE LIVED IN DIFFERENT HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENTS AND HAVE PASSED THROUGH DIFFERENT CHANGES, THEIR TRADITIONS HAVE DIVERGED, AND SO ETHNOGRAPHY REVEALS A MULTIPLICITY OF CULTURES, JUST AS DOES ARCHAEOLOGY“ THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

WILLIAM OGBUM CULTURAL LAG refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. His theory of cultural lag suggests that a period of maladjustment occurs when the non-material culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION EVOLUTION THEORY CHARLES DARWIN THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

EVOLUTIONARY ASSUMPTIONS CHANGE IS THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF HUMAN SOCIETY THE PRESENT OBSERVED CONDITION OF THE SOCIETY IS PRESUMED TO BE THE RESULT OF CHANGE IN THE PAST CHANGE IS NATURAL BELIEF THAT INFINITE IMPROVEMENT IN THE NEXT STAGE OVER THE PRECEDING ONE THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

ALL THESE ASSUMPTIONS CAN BE SUMMARISED AS OF THE FOLLOWING: THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THE CHANGE IS INEVITABLE AND NATURAL THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

CHANGE IS GRADUAL AND CONTINOUS THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

CHANGE IS SEQUENTIAL AND IN CERTAIN STAGES THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

EVOLUTION IS PROGRESSIVE ALL SUCCESSIVE STAGES OF CHANGE ARE HIGHER OVER PRECEDING STAGE THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

ALL SOCIETIES PASS THROUGH SAME STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION STAGES OF CHANGE ARE NON-REVERSIBLE THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

IMPACT OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY IN OUR LIVES AND SOCIETY THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Charles Darwin's theory has made a tremendous impact on the world. It has aroused controversy, while at the same time creating a new form of scientific thought.  THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

MODERN THOUGHT AND SCIENCE The Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection has provided us with a possible answer to where we came from. It gave new meanings to professions such as paleontology, anthropology, and genetics (Human Evolution). THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Modern thought and science have also been affected by the Darwinian theory ("Darwin, Charles Robert"), since it gave a whole new perspective on life and scientific study.

CLASH WITH CREATIONISM Creationism is the broad range of beliefs involving God's intervention, which also explains the origin to the universe, life, and the different kinds of plants and animals on earth ("Creationism"). Before Darwin, most people in the West accepted creationism in some form ("Early Views of Creationism"). Then Darwin came along. THEORIES ON SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION The greatest controversy concerning the Darwinian theory involves Darwinism's clashing views with Creationism.