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limiting reactant: excess reactant: How many complete cars can be made from these available parts? 1 Complete Race Car only 2 Engines available: In chemistry, the amount of product that can be made is limited by the amount of one reactant. Image from POGIL (Flinn HSPI) Limiting Reactants limiting reactant: (completely consumed) determines the amount of product formed excess reactant: (left over)

? N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) excess limiting “left over” “runs out” 0 H2 molecules “left over” “runs out” 3 mol N2 is enough to make 6 mol NH3 , but… H2 runs out after making only 2 mol NH3 .

Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2 Determining Limiting Reactant (with Math not Pics) Determining Limiting Reactant convert each reactant to mol of same product the one that makes less product is LR Which is limiting? Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2 48.6 g Mg 110 g HCl 1 mol Mg 24.31 g Mg 1 mol H2 1 mol Mg 48.6 g Mg x x = 2.00 mol H2 1 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl 1 mol H2 2 mol HCl 110 g HCl x x = 1.51 mol H2 limiting produced 1 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl 1 mol Mg 2 mol HCl 24.31 g Mg 1 mol Mg 110 g HCl x x x = 36.7 g Mg consumed 3

Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2 Determining Limiting Reactant: (with Math not Pics) Determining Limiting Reactant: convert each reactant to mol of same product the one that makes less product is LR Which is limiting? Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2 48.6 g Mg 110 g HCl initial –36.7 g –110 g consumed (reacted) 11.9 g Mg 0 g HCl left over excess limiting limiting 1 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl 1 mol Mg 2 mol HCl 24.31 g Mg 1 mol Mg 110 g HCl x x x = 36.7 g Mg consumed 4

C2H4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O Determining Product with LR: How many grams CO2 can be formed from 2.70 mol C2H4 and 6.30 mol O2? C2H4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O 2 mol CO2 1 mol C2H4 2.70 mol C2H4 x = 5.40 mol CO2 2 mol CO2 3 mol O2 6.30 mol O2 x = 4.20 mol CO2 limiting 44.01 g CO2 1 mol CO2 4.20 mol CO2 x = 185 g CO2 produced 5

Quick Quiz! 1. How many grams of H2O can be formed from 64 g O2 and 3 mol H2? 2 H2 + O2  2 H2O 90.1 g H2O 72.1 g H2O 54.1 g H2O 36.0 g H2O 18.02 g H2O 1 mol H2O 3 mol H2O x = 1 mol O2 32 g O2 2 mol H2O 1 mol O2 64 g O2 x x = 4 mol H2O 2 mol H2O 2 mol H2 3 mol H2 x = 3 mol H2O limiting