Bell Work #7 What SPECIFICALLY do you feel we need to go over from this chapter?

Ch. 6 Religion: Overview

Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions Global, attempt to appeal to all people wherever they may live Examples? Ethnic Appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place

Atheism vs. Agnosticism Belief that God does not exist Agnosticism Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists

Branch, Denomination, Sect Branch – large and fundamental division within a religion Examples? Denomination – division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body Sect – relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Monotheism vs. Polytheism One God Examples? Polytheism Multiple Gods

Origin/Diffusion of Religions Universalizing - Precise places of origin based on events in the life of man Ethnic – unknown origins/dates Diffusion of ethnic religions – limited, lack missionaries dedicated to spreading religion Diffusion of ethnic religions happens mostly through relocation diffusion

Christianity More than 2 billion adherents – most widely followed religion North America, South America, Europe, Australia, parts of Africa and Asia Branches Roman Catholic (51%) Eastern Orthodox (11%) Protestant (24%)

Where are the branches distributed? Roman Catholic Southwest/eastern Europe, Latin America, Southwestern/northeastern US, Quebec Orthodox East/southeast Europe 14 Self-governing churches, the largest? Protestant Northwest Europe

Protestant denominations in the US Baptist? The southeast Lutheran? Upper Midwest Latter-day Saints? Another name? West – Utah and surrounding states

Origin/Beliefs of Christianity Founder? Jesus Christ – born in Bethlehem, died in Jerusalem, rose from the dead, Resurrection from dead provides people with hope for salvation Differences between the branches Roman Catholic – follow bible as well as church hierarchy (pope) Orthodox – split from Roman church in 5th C as result of rivalry with the pope Protestant – Reformation in 16th C, disagreed with Catholic teachings

Diffusion of Christianity Hierarchical Dominance of Christianity throughout Roman Empire Relocation Missionaries, Colonization

First Split in Christianity, 1054 CE Western Roman empire = Roman Catholicism Eastern Roman empire = Eastern Orthodox

The Eastern Orthodox Church makes up 14% of Christianity and is a loose collection of 14 self-governing churches in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. To the right are the spires of St. Basil’s Cathedral in the Kremlin of Moscow. Notice the Orthodox cross on the onion-domed spire.

Roman Catholicism is the largest branch of the Christian faith Roman Catholicism is the largest branch of the Christian faith. The Vatican in Rome is the headquarters of the Papacy and a powerful symbol to Catholics around the world. European cities were dominated by the spires of great cathedrals and churches until the 20th century.

Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Vatican City-Pope John Paul II greeted pilgrims in St. Peter’s Square

Sacred Landscapes of Christianity Catholic Churches Are often located in the center of European cities, with spires reaching far above the other buildings. St. Michaels, (1472) Bordeaux, France St. Michaels (1472) in Bordeaux, France

Religious Landscapes in the United States

Islam 1.5 billion adherents North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia Other countries outside the Middle East? Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India Branches Sunni Shiite

Where are the branches distributed? Sunni 83% of Muslims, largest branch, most Muslim countries in SW Asia Shiite 16% of Muslims 90% of Iran’s population is Shiite

Origin/Beliefs/Diffusion of Islam Founder? Muhammed – Mecca 5 Pillars of Faith – one God, prayer 5 times daily, charity, fasting during Ramadan, Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca Diffused by Muslims conquering land Arab traders brought Islam to Indonesia

Islam Islam is the 2nd largest & fastest growing religion with 1.5 billion followers. It has 2 main sects or Split in the Faith / After Muhammad's death Sunni (great majority) 83% of Muslims, largest branch, most Muslim countries in SW Asia /centered in Iraq Shiite 16% of Muslims 90% of Iran’s population is Shiite SW Asia is the heartland of Islam with 400 million followers. In Central Asia it is found in the Central Asian Republics, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Western China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, part of the Philippines, East Africa, Bosnia and Albania in the Balkans of Europe. India has 120 million (more than Pakistan) Sub-Saharan Africa has 170 million Muslims

The Diffusion of Islam

The Hajj-Pilgrims circle the holy Kaaba in the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the Hajj.

Minaret (for call to prayer) stands on the Sabah State Mosque in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

The Dome of the Rock, with its gilded dome and octagonal base, stands in Jerusalem. After the Great Mosque at Mecca and the Prophet’s tomb at Medina, it is Islam’s third holiest site. According to Muslim tradition, the rock at its center was the point from which the Prophet Muhammad visited heaven one night in 619.

Buddhism Location? East Asia, Southeast Asia 3rd largest universalizing religion Branches Mahayana Theravada Vajrayana Accurate number is difficult to count because primarily only monks participate in religious functions, people can be a believer in Buddhism but also other Eastern religions

Buddhist Beliefs Founder? Siddhartha Guatama – present day Nepal Four Noble Truths Suffering leads to reincarnation Endless cycle of reincarnation until Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path

Hinduism Universalizing or ethnic? 3rd largest religion – 900 million adherents Location? 90% in India, others in Bangladesh and Nepal Allegiance to a particular god or concept within a broad range of possibilities Vaishnavism, Sivaism are the largest

Origin of Hinduism No specific founder Existed prior to recorded history 1500 BC – earliest surviving documents

Judaism Universalizing or ethnic? 14 millions adherents United States/Israel Christianity and Islam have roots in Judaism

Diffusion of Judaism Different than other ethnic religions, practiced in many countries Romans forced them to disperse Diaspora

Sacred Sites of Jerusalem Jerusalem is sacred to three major religions: Judaism (Western Wall) Christianity (Church of the Holy Sepulchre) Islam (Dome of the Rock)

Western Wall, Jerusalem

Places of Worship

Sacred Places Ethnic religions – holy places derive from the distinctive physical environment Universalizing religions – cities and other places associated with founder’s life endowed with holiness Islam – Mecca (birthplace of Muhammed), Medina (Muhammed’s tomb) Hinduism – tirtha (pilgrimage), Mt. Kailas, Ganges River – holiest river

Disposing of the dead Christians, Muslims, Jews usually bury dead in a cemetery Cemeteries can consume significant space, put pressure on agricultural land Hindus – cremation, tends to strain India’s wood supply

Administration of Space Hierarchical religion – well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units Example? Roman Catholic - Pope, Archbishops, Bishops, Priests Autonomous religion – self-sufficient, little interaction between communities Examples? Islam, Protestantism, Judaism, Hinduism

Religion vs. Social Change Globalization has exposed local residents in developing countries to values and beliefs originating in the West Many religious adherents in developing countries view economic development as incompatible with religious values Afghanistan – strict laws inspired by Islamic values imposed by the Taliban India – caste system shortcomings highlighted by British administrators and Christian missionaries, efforts to provide more opportunities to lower castes more recently

Religion vs. Communism Communist government of the Soviet Union pursued antireligious programs Marxism became the official doctrine, so religious doctrine was a potential threat, religion dwindled in daily life Fall of the Soviet Union brought religious revival to Eastern Europe and Central Asia Buddhism in Vietnam/SE Asia Countries – neither sides of Vietnam War were sympathetic to Buddhists Current governments have discouraged religious activities

Religion vs. Religion Island of Eire (Ireland) Republic of Ireland – 87% Catholic, Northern Ireland (UK) – 46% Protestant, 40% Catholic Catholics in Northern Ireland have been excluded from higher-paying jobs and better schools Catholics began protesting in 1968, 3000 have been killed since then Extremist groups disrupt daily life despite the majority of Catholics and Protestants wanting to live in peace with each other