Infectious Diseases Objectives 4

Objective 4 Analyze emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases

Leading cause of death Globally, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death, and they are the 3rd leading cause of death in the US

Infectious Diseases are the third leading cause of death in the United States

Emerging Infectious Diseases 1. Have not occurred in humans before, 2. Have occurred previously but affected only small numbers, 3. Or have occurred throughout human history, but only recently recognized as disease due to infectious agent

Emerging Infectious Diseases Can be classified in 3 ways: 1. Have not occurred in humans before An example is: Global Threat in 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a mysterious respiratory illness that sickened more than 8,000 people worldwide and killed more than 750 between November 2002 and July 2003.

Emerging Infectious Diseases Legionnaires Disease- another example of a disease that has not occurred in humans before Affects the respiratory system and is caused be the legionella bacteria. This bacteria can multiply in water, especially cooling or plumbing systems, whirlpool spas, air conditioning systems and even the misters in grocery store produce departments. These are examples of new changes in technology.

Emerging Diseases Classification 2. Have occurred in humans previously but affected only small numbers An example is: Ebola Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola) is a very contagious illness that is often fatal in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). It has appeared sporadically since it was first recognized in 1976.

Emerging Diseases Classification 3. Have occurred in humans throughout human history, but only recently recognized as a disease caused by an infectious agent. An example is: Gastric Ulcer-prior to 1983 pylori bacterium was considered “noninfectious”. Symptoms are abdominal pain and indigestion

Give examples and the contributing factors for 3 emerging diseases Lyme, 1982-conditions favoring tick vector and deer AIDS, 1983-migration to cities, global travel, transfusions, organ transplants, IV drug use, multiple sex partners cholera, 1992-evolution of new strain of bacteria

Re-emerging Infectious Diseases Definition: Once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, then declined dramatically, but are again causing health problems for a significant proportion of the population. Re-emerging= occurred, declined and increased again

Re-emerging Infectious Diseases Example: Malaria is a mosquito borne disease caused by a parasite.

Malaria Left untreated, they may develop severe complications and die. Each year 350-500 million cases of malaria occur worldwide, and over one million people die, most of them young children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Why is malaria re-emerging? Antibiotic resistance Fear of vaccination

Re-emerging Infectious Diseases Example: Tuberculosis

Why is tuberculosis re-emerging? Antibiotic or drug resistance Socioeconomic Issues that lead to an immunocompromised population

Give examples and the contributing factors for 3 re-emerging diseases Pertussis-refusal to vaccinate based on fear of autism; decreased vaccine efficacy Rubeola-failure to vaccinate or receive second dose Yellow fever-insecticide resistance, urbanization, civil strife

Public health benefits Public health can be improved with biomedical research. The more we know the better we can understand, prevent or treat infectious diseases. Research is key to knowledge. Knowledge + choice = power Power + behavior = increased human welfare

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