Starter: Write Questions and Answers Why did Muhammad have few followers as he began to spread Islam? Most people were Christian in the Arabian Peninsula He only wanted to help the wealthy He did not believe in politics and refused to help government agencies The wealthy feared he would upset the established social and political order with new ideas Muslims believe that one should pray five times a day facing— Medina Cairo Mecca Jerusalem Ramadan, a holy month in Islam, commemorates the time during which Muhammad received the Quran from Allah. What is the Quran? Religious text Religious statue Symbol of piety Wheel of Law

Vocabulary (Frayer Model) Mansa Musa- one of the richest and most powerful kings of Mali. Subsistence farming- growing crops for personal use, not for sale. Stateless societies- groups of independent villages organized by clans and led by a local ruler or chief. Animism- the religious belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Swahili- a mixed African-Arabic culture that developed along the east coast of Africa. Berbers- nomadic peoples whose camel caravans became known as the “fleet of the desert.” Plateau- relatively high, flat land areas. Matriarchal (matrilineal)- tracing linage through the mother. Savanna- broad grasslands dotted with small trees and shrubs.

Early African Civilization 400-1500

Geography of Africa 2nd largest continent in the world 4,600 miles from east to west; 5,000 miles from north to south Narrow coastlines lie on either side of a central plateau Coastline has few harbors, ports, or inlets Large deserts: the Sahara in the north and the Kalahari in the south Large rainforests with mahogany and teak trees that reach 150 feet tall *

People of Early Africa Early peoples were nomadic Experts believe agriculture started in Africa roughly by 6,000 B.C. The family was important and African people organized into family groups Some Societies were Matriarchal: Dominated by Women

Nubia Agriculture may have first appeared in Nubia 6000 B.C.E. Perhaps the site of the first true African kingdom Powerful Empire; united with Egyptian Powerful Army

Axum, Son of Saba Axum founded as a colony of the kingdom of Saba (Sheba) in first millennium B.C. Saba a trading state, goods from South Asia to the Mediterranean Axum continued the trade after Saba declined Location on trade routes responsible for prosperity Competed for control of ivory trade Followed Egyptian Christianity (Coptic) Would be renamed Ethiopia Called the “hermit kingdom” by Europeans *

Axum, Ethiopia

East and Southern Africa Bantu language group Introduced cultivation of crops and ironworking The Bantu settled into rural communities Commercial trade Egyptians may have arrived looking for trade goods Rhapta a commercial metropolis Trade across the Indian Ocean *

African Religion African Religious Beliefs before Islam Most believed in an afterlife in which ancestral souls floated in the atmosphere through eternity. Closely connected to importance of ancestors and lineage Animism: a religion in which spirits play an important role in daily life *

The Coming of Islam North Africa Arab forces seized the Nile delta of Egypt in 641 New capital at Cairo Arabs welcome due to high taxes and periodic persecution of Coptic Christians by Byzantines Arabs seize Carthage in 690, called Al Maghrib Berbers resisted for many years *

The Moors African Muslims of North Africa Aka Berbers Nomadic-Merchants Create a Saharan-Mediterranean Trade Empire Conquer & Occupy Spain for 500 years Inspire a Militaristic-Catholic Spain Conquistadores Pop Culture: Shakespeare's “Othello”

East Africa: The Land of Zanj Legend says a Persian and his six sons founded the trading centers on the coast of East Africa Self-governing city-states Trade with the interior Trade with the Indian Ocean, China, and along the coast Mixed African-Arab culture Mixed culture and language called Swahili Conversion to Islam grows *

Starter: Write Questions and Answers Which statement explains the origins of Swahili culture in Africa? Bantu peoples moving into southern Africa pushed many groups toward the India seacoast, where they were forced to adopt local customs. Bantu peoples moving into southern Africa traded with Arabs along the east coast, creating a blended culture. Arab merchants dominated trade along the African coast, forcing their culture on the small and weak city-states. Arab merchants inhabited the coastal regions of East Africa but were forced to change their trade customs to fit the climate. 2. Who were the Moors and why were they important? 3. Explain Animism.

The States of West Africa Expansion of Islam has impact on political system Introduction of Arabic for a writing system Records= History *

Ghana Majority of people were farmers Primary reason for Ghana’s growth was gold Trans-Saharan trade with Ghana becomes very important Divine right monarchy assisted by hereditary aristocracy Kings did not convert to Islam, but many of their subjects did

Mali Ruinous wars by the twelfth century in Ghana; empire collapses New states of Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausa states Gold trade Farming in the savanna region Timbuktu becomes center of trade, religion and learning in the World

Mansa Musa Mansa Musa (Muslim) divided Mali into provinces and appointed governors Richest man in History Net Worth @ 400 Billion First African King to go on Hajj

Mansa Musa’s Legacy

Empire of Songhai 1400s Capital was Gao; extended their territory to the large bend in the Niger River Two great Muslim leaders: Sunni Ali & Askia Muhammad Created an empire through military conquest and efficient tax collecting Unfortunately, Songhai lacked modern weapons Defeated by Moroccan invaders and ended 1,000 years of W. African power

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Berbers/Moors SALT GOLD *

States and Stateless Societies in Southern Africa Stateless society Progress made with regional trade Zimbabwe (sacred house) Capital known as Great Zimbabwe Benefited from trade between interior and coast Evidence of great wealth, but Great Zimbabwe abandoned The Khoi and the San (Bushman) people *

Great Zimbabwe Ruins

African Culture Music and Dance Often served religious purposes Integration of voice and instrument Music produced for social rituals and educational purposes Architecture Pyramid, Stone pillars Stone buildings Literature Written works did not exist in the early traditional period Professional storytellers, bards Importance of women in passing down oral traditions *

Assignment (Pgs. 236-249) African Empire’s Organizer  Create five sections for the following empires Create a Color guide for the following Empires:  Nubia (Kush), Axum, Ghana, Mali, Songhai Every section should have: The years it existed Leaders Accomplishments Economics Downfall and a color representing the Empire