Brief Response What three types of nationalism arose in Latino nations to counter the domination of foreign money and foreign governments? Explain each. Political nationalism: authoritarian government to have a stronger control over stability in the country. Economic nationalism: to make the country self-reliant and prevent foreign control. Cultural nationalism: to celebrate the countries people and background instead of wanting to be like the Europeans.

Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East p. 394

Africans had many reasons to resent the Europeans (6) European imperialist powers made living miserable for native Africans. Africans were paid little but were forced to pay imperialist taxes and high food prices. Whites controlled the best land (Kenya, Rhodesia) Some Africans fought for Europeans in WWI but were not treated any better when the war was over. South African Whites forced coloreds to carry travel passes and to live in segregated districts.

Apartheid: Legal system enforcing segregation of Blacks in South Africa (1948)

White Rule: Southern Africa* South Africa built a brutally repressive system of segregation of Blacks. They based their laws on _____________________ philosophy Social Darwinist They also copied many _____________ laws from the southern United States. “Jim Crow”

White Rule: Southern Africa* It meant secure White minority economic, political, and social control. What were some ways it was practiced? Better-paying jobs for Whites only Blacks controlled by pass-books Blacks forced to live in “townships”, organized like native-American reservations in US. Black voting rights removed in 1936 Black political parties outlawed African National Congress (ANC) continued to work underground Many members arrested and mistreated African Christian churches were one way Blacks could speak out. Mohandas Gandhi fought for Indian immigrant workers, pioneering techniques he’d use in India. handout

Increased African Resistance Western-educated Africans learned how to protest against the imperialists. (2) They used communications technology (printing, audio/film recording) to reach the European and American media and publics. They argued for self-determination: Using the international media, they found growing support in the Western nations among liberals and anti-imperialists.

Pan-Africanism: A Black nationalist movement that began in North America and spread back to Africa. Two Americans promoted it: (2) Marcus Garvey: Africa for Africans; “Back to Africa” movement. W.E.B. Dubois: Also believed in promotion of Black rights and social equality in the US. Dubois organized the Pan-African Congress, in 1919. American and African delegates composed a charter of rights. White powers ignored them, but the movement continued to grow.

Egypt* Britain gave Egypt independence, in 1922, but continued to influence its government. Anti-British Egyptians formed the Muslim Brotherhood resist British culture in Egypt oppose corruption in the Egyptian government.

The Turkish Republic. The Sultan was humiliated by the Treaty of Sevres, 1920: What did he lose?(2) Land taken by Allies Greece attempted to take more lands Mustafa Kemal, a WWI hero, led an overthrow of the Sultan:

Ataturk Mustafa Kemal was first president of the Turkish Republic Stopped the Greek invasion peacefully. Agreed to remove 1.3 million Greeks and 400,000 Turks from disputed lands. Turks called him “Ataturk” (father of the Turks),

Ataturk’s Reformed Turkey (3)* Replaced Islamic traditions with Western ones. Laws Education Government Expanded industrial infrastructure: Railroads Factories Industrial and financial advisors from the West Made Turkey economically independent.

Pan-Arabism: The growing movement, after WW I, in the Middle East to unite all Arabs from West Asia to North Africa, to free those under Western rule, to protect themselves from Western take-over and exploitation.

Anger at the West The betrayal of Arabs at the Paris Peace Conference infuriated Arab nationalists. T.E. Lawrence tried to use his influence to change the French and British decisions, to no avail. No freedom and lands for helping the Allies win WWI, as promised. Britain and France divided the Turkish lands: Britain: (3) Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq France: (2) Lebanon, Syria Many in the Middle East still resent and distrust the Western powers.

Palestine/Israel Balfour Declaration: Agreement between Britain and Zionists, (Jewish nationalists) 1917: Jews in Central Power nations would work to sabotage the war efforts of Germany and Austria-Hungary Britain would give Jews a homeland in Palestine (biblically called “Israel”)

Today Today, this location is still an international “hotspot”, for much the same reasons: Arabs call it Palestine Jews call it Israel Thousands have died, lost homes, livelihoods, to protect those names since 1917..

Why were many Jews so anxious to leave Europe? (3) Pogroms in Russia Growing expulsions in Eastern Europe— Russian Czar ordered millions of Jews out of Russia Growing anti-Semitism, violence, and killings of Jews in Central and Western Europe,

Persia (Iran) In 1925, Reza Khan, takes control of Persia, becoming the “Shah” (emperor). Britain still had strong influence over him: He also modernized Persia (2) More concessions from British oil companies More Iranians hired in more powerful economic and government positions. He made strict anti-Islam rules Petroleum drew more Western oil companies to the Middle East. Especially from the…… United States. The oil companies were powerful enough to have their governments force Iran and others to cooperate.

Hwk

6, Image, 395 Question To forcefully ensure segregation of Blacks from Whites. White South Africans set up systems to give them economic and social control They would be the only ones to benefit.

Standards Check, p. 395 Question: The colonizers set up economic and political systems that benefitted mainly themselves.

Thinking Critically, 396-7 Questions 1 The African National Congress protested legally It sought to reform specific laws. The Wafd Party protested violently with strikes and riots. 2 It shows that different African peoples had been working for independence from the imperialists for many decades before they were finally granted it.

Standards Check, p. 397 Question: Encourage nationalism End colonial rule Unite Africans in their desire for independence.

Biography, 398 Question Because he led the fight to start the Turkish Republic and modernized it.

Standards Check, p. 398 Question: Focused on modernizing industry and transportation Secularizing schools Westernizing culture

Map Skills, 399 Questions 2 Petroleum (oil) The discovery of oil caused foreign companies to begin moving to the Middle East to exploit the resource. The oil companies used their governments to force Arab nations to cooperate. 3 Wilson’s idea of “self-determination” gave rise to Pan-Arabism. Nationalism grew after WW I, especially in the Versailles Treaty “Mandates”.

Standards Check, p. 400 Question: The Balfour Declaration….. Britain supported a Jewish Homeland in Palestine. Jews began immigrating Palestinian Arabs were denied independence by Britain They began losing land to Jews.

White Rule: Southern Africa* Mohandas Gandhi fought for Indian immigrant workers in South Africa, who were under the same segregation as Black South Africans. He pioneered techniques he’d use in India. handout

Brief Response Identify the three nationalist movements in this lesson and their impact on their parts of the African/Middle East region.

Brief Response Identify three nationalist movements in this lesson and their impact on their parts of the African/Middle East region. Pan-Arabism—unites Arabs to resist European control, make self-rule and progress for their people. Pan-Africanism (Negritude)—unites Africans to resist European control, make self-rule and progress for their people. Young Turks—modernize Turkey, reduced Muslim religious control that prevented progress. Zionism—Jews, mostly Europeans, who wanted a homeland in Palestine = Israel. Would begin taking land from Arabs already living there.