Status of national system for control of radioactive sources: Malaysia Sustaining Cradle-to-Grave Control of Radioactive Sources (INT-9182) Workshop on implementation of a national cradle-to-grave control system for radioactive sources IAEA, Vienna, 13 – 17 March 2017, Room C1 Status of national system for control of radioactive sources: Malaysia Ahmad Hasnulhadi Che Kamaruddin Muhammad Fathi Sujan Waste Technology Development Centre (WasTeC) Waste and Environmental Technology Division (BAS) Malaysian Nuclear Agency

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 Governmental Authorities Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy and legislative matters Appropriate Authority Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) for dealing with ionizing radiation in non-medical applications. Director General of Health for the use of ionizing radiation in medical applications. Malaysian Nuclear Agency TSO, Waste Management Atomic Energy Licensing Board Regulator-Non Medical Ministry of Health Regulator- for Hospitals Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

National Policy & Strategy National policy and strategy on radioactive waste management had been prepared and submitted ; waiting for approval from Malaysian Government AELB Board Meeting on August 24th, 1990 has endorsed interim policies and strategies on radioactive waste management as follows : 1) Return to supplier/manufacturer 2) Kept or stored at licensee’s premise 3) Send to the National Radioactive Waste Management Centre (Malaysian Nuclear Agency) This interim policy is parallel with the “Atomic Energy Licensing (Radioactive Waste Management) Regulations 2011”. In addition, on 29 Feb 2008, the IAEA Safety Fundamental SF-1 had also been adopted in addition to the Radioactive Waste Management Regulations 2011 Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

Legislation and Regulatory Infrastructures in Malaysia Hierarchy of Malaysian Legal System Orders and Conditions of License Guidelines, Codes and Standards Atomic Energy Licensing Act (1984 ) (ACT 304) • Act provides for the basic law for regulation and control of atomic energy, for establishment of standards on liability for nuclear damage and for matters connected therewith or related thereto. • Regulations provide more detailed provisions entrusted by the Act. Regulations • Provides additional requirements which are not stated in the regulations or special matters related to provisions entrusted by the Act • Provides guides, codes and standards to comply with and achieve goals imposed in regulations Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304) means individual, partnership, private or public body means any nuclear fuel, radioactive product or radioactive waste Under Subsection 12(1) of the Act 304 - “No person shall: site, construct of operate a nuclear installation; deal in, possess or dispose of any radioactive material, nuclear material, prescribed substance or irradiating apparatus, unless he is the holder of a valid licence issued by the appropriate authority. means any activity involving the manufacturing, trading, producing, processing, purchasing, owning, using, transporting, transferring, handling, selling, storing, importing or exporting Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 “Provisions in ACT 304 - Definition of Radioactive Waste Substances or items which if not waste is considered radioactive material Substances or items which was contaminated during production, storage, or use of radioactive or nuclear materials, or prescribed substances Substances or items which was contaminated by mean of contact or by being in the vicinity of any other radioactive waste in the context of the above interpretation “Provisions in ACT 304 - Disposal of Radioactive Waste Any radioactive waste cannot be disposed of, accumulated or transported without prior authorization in writing and subject to such conditions imposed. The appropriate authority may direct the licensee or any person who is responsible for premises, nuclear installation, conveyance or site where any situation or condition endangering life, health, property or the environmental to adopt such measure as would eliminate or protect against such situation or condition. “ Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 Legislation and Regulatory Infrastructures in Malaysia Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304) Radiation Protection (Licensing) Regulations 1986 (P.U. (A) 149) Atomic Energy Licensing (Basic Safety Radiation Protection) Regulations 2010 (P.U.(A) 46) (replacing the old Regulation 1988) Radiation Protection (Transport) Regulations 1989 P.U.(A) 146) Atomic Energy Licensing (Appeal) Regulations 1990 P.U (A) 206) Atomic Energy Licensing (Radioactive Waste Management) Regulations 2011 (P.U. (A) 274) License Conditions There is no requirements on SAFETY CASE for radioactive wastes predisposal and disposal in current legislation and regulatory infrastructures Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 Radiation Protection (Licensing) Regulations 1986 REGULATION 3: CLASSIFICATION OF LICENCE CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D CLASS E CLASS F CLASS G CLASS H RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL DISPOSAL/STORAGE RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL BEFORE DISPOSE NUCLEAR MATERIAL IRRADIATING APPARATUS TRANSPORTATION IMPORT & EXPORT NUCLEAR INSTALLATION OTHERS ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY AKTIVITY -Manufacture -Trade in -Produce -Process -Purchase -Own -Possess -Transfer -Handle -Sell -Store -Import -Export -Manufacture -Trade in -Produce -Process -Purchase -Own -Possess -Transfer -Handle -Sell -Store -Import -Export -Purchase -Sell -Trade in -Transfer -Import -Export -Possess -Own -Use -Store -Handle -Transport -Import -Export -Site -Construct -Pre-Operate -Operate -to dispose -to store (prior -to their disposal) -to decommission -Maintenance -Leak test -Consultation -Examination Centre -Training -Activity not covered by Class A to G -etc Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT INVENTORY, ACTIVITIES, ISSUES Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

Use of radioactive sources in the country Approximately how many sources are in use, and for what types of purposes? 8000 of sources are in use (NDT, gauges, irradiator & research) What Categories of sources are used? Cat 1-5 according to IAEA security document What is the status of any national register and or national inventory of sources? Licensee need to declare possession of sources to regulator. Online system for declaration. Are all users or potential users required to obtain a license from the competent authority for the purchase, use and management of all sources? Yes, compulsory based on 12(1)(b) act 304 Are all sources licensed by the national competent authority? Yes Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 Rad-Wastes Inventory Types of Waste Recorded Quantities (1984-2015) Remarks DSRS 12455 units, (Category 1 & 2 : 4 Units) including smoke detectors no specific trends, disposal based on request Solid Waste 450 m3 (un-compacted) Repository for LILW –site screening completed Short-lived managed within hospitals Organic Liquid Waste 43.6 m3 Hospitals and Industries Aqueous Liquid Waste 15,553 m3 Release after complying with the operational limit control Radium Needles (medical) 174 units , Total activity 28.95GBq Conditioned in 2004 (17 capsules and 2 drums) IAEA TC INT/4/131 Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

Total Act & Act Conc FY 2011-2015 YEARS TOTAL ACTIVITY (kBq) ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION (kBq/m^3) 2011 247.98 1.77 2012 315.18 1.80 2013 79.10 1.13 2014 46.03 0.66 2015 23.45 0.45 Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 Total Activity FY 2011 -2015 Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

Activity Concentration FY 2011 -2015 Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

DSRS From Various Sector INDUSTRY MEDICAL EDUCATION & R&D

Table 1: Number of DSRS from 1984 to 2016 YEAR DSRS (UNIT) 1984 2001 57 1985 58 2002 562 1986 2003 66 1987 24 2004 231 1988 267 2005 1989 2 2006 213 1990 223 2007 1991 424 2008 276 1992 2009 64 1993 269 2010 220 1994 45 2011 1349 1995 50 2012 2940 1996 91 2013 54 1997 53 2014 3902 1998 214 2015 431 1999 182 2016 1345 2000 49   Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

THERATRONIC-THERATRON SHARS NO. MODEL SOURCE ACT. (Ci) NOS *CURRENT ACT (Ci) 1 THERATRONIC-THERATRON CO-60 7.9890E+03 2.12E+02 2 THERATRONICS AECL 1.1350E+04 7.81E+02 3 AECL THERATRON 780 9.2480E+03 1.73E+02 4 THERATRON T780C 7.2950E+03 9.4631E+02

INVENTORY OF DSRS FOR BDF FROM 1984 – 2016 R/N Half-life (y) No. of sources Current Activity (13/01/17) GBq (Ci) Fe-55 2.7 31 1.0 (0.027) Co-57 0.742 20 5.97 E-02 (1.61E-03) *Co-60 5.27 419 43.0 (1.16) *Ni-63 96 23 7.92 (0. 21) *Kr-85 10.7 62 278.0 (7.52) *Sr-90 29.1 535 65.1 (1.76) Cd-109 1.27 35 0.37 (0.01) Ba-133 1 2.13E-04 (5.75E-06) *Cs-137 30 325 512.5 (13.85) Pm-147 2.62 88 3.54 (0.096) Tl-204 3.78 89 5.14E-04 (1.39E-05) Po-210 0.379 385 9.08E-03 (2.46E-04) *Pb-210 22.3 45 3.44E-04 (9.29E-06) *Ra-226 1600 629 32.5 (0.879)a 105 (2.83)b *Am-241 432 10 241 161.0 (4.35) Number of DSRS : 12 928 units!!! (From records)

Main radionuclides considered for BDF (from different purposes) Applications No. of sources Cs-137 Brachytherapy 44   Radiotherapy 6 Radiography 1 Well logging Industrial gauges 137 Analyzer Calibration sources (incl. cup source) 135 Total 325 Ra-226 Brachytherapy / Radium needles 213 Lightning arrester 87 Smoke detectors 152 177 629 Am-241 7 9808 62 Electron capture device incl. analyzer 358 10241

National Interim Storage Facility The storage facility was built in year 2000 with a area of 600m2 It can accommodate 2100 drums or 420m3 of compacted waste.

Security of Storage Facility An Integrated system for ensuring safety and security of Storage Facility : Physical Security Double fencing with anti-climb internal fencing and razor-wire Vibration sensor for internal fencing connected to intrusion-alarm system Restricted access to area and CCTV-monitored

Arrangements for DSRS Subject Description Low Level Effluent Treatment Plant (LLETP) Interim Storage Facility Open storage Decay storage Liquid, DEHPA DSRS, solid (491 unit -200L drums) Plasma incinerator pilot plant 2 unit of contaminated tanks (20m3 per tank); oil sludge; 10 unit of 200-litre Thorium waste (NORM); 6 unit of 200-litre concrete drum for DSRS. Repatriation activity On Nov 2016: Am-241/Be, Am-241, Cm-244 to US-DOE Disposal facilities National Radioactive Waste Repository (NRWR) for Malaysia, Borehole Disposal Facility (BDF) Project Orphan sources Waste characterization, sorting works Security status Double fencing, Intrusion alarm system, CCTV, 24/7 guarded security

Repatriation Activities Repatriation of Am-241/Be was conducted on November 2016 with the agreement from the United State – Department of Energy (US-DOE) There are 38 total of Am-241 sources. 16 of Am-241/Be as well as 3 unit of Cm-244 that were packed, shipped and repatriated to USA. Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 Orphan Sources To control the safety and security of radioactive sources, the government of Malaysia has become more concerned with the “orphan” sources. To ensure the safety, specific program had been developed to carry out investigation upon detection of radiation sources at scrap yards. Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 Orphan Sources (2) AELB operates a monitoring program that ensures imported scrap metal coming to Malaysia does not contain radioactive material together with the other enforcement. Agencies like the Royal Malaysian Custom (KDRM), Ministry of Health (MoH) and Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM). Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 Orphan Sources (3) AELB had developed training lit on the aspects of early detection of radiation sources at national borders. All steel melting and manufacturing companies are also required to have a radiation monitoring equipment. Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

Key issues and national needs What is the most important issue in the country with respect to the safety of radioactive sources? Accidents, incidents (stolen, missing, spillage, over-exposure), misused of sources To make sure all the processes/procedures are complied/satisfied with good QAP practise (ownership, import/export, conditioning, disposal) What plans are in place to resolve the issues? Emergency Response Team (ERT); Disaster Response Team (DRT); Inventory Tracking System (e.g. RAIS, RWIDS) Comply with guidelines and regulations set by authority body Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017 What do you want to gain from this meeting? National status of source inventory from other countries. Strategies to manage the waste and to improve infrastructures / facilities for radioactive wastes. Any technologies available to manage the wastes Workshop on The Implementation of a National Cradle-to-Grave control system for Radioactive Sources in Vienna, Austria on 13 – 17 March 2017

Thank you Terima kasih Danke