Ayinde, O. E., Abdoulaye, T., Takim, F. O. and Oloyede, A. O. Economic Analysis of On-Farm Trial of Drought Tolerant Maize in Southern Guinea Savannah Agro-Ecological Zone of Nigeria: Women Perspective By Ayinde, O. E., Abdoulaye, T., Takim, F. O. and Oloyede, A. O.  

Drought is one of the most costly threats to agriculture INTRODUCTION Drought is one of the most costly threats to agriculture Drought tolerant (DT) maize varieties stabilize maize yields in the DT-prone ecologies Women are a key part of the mainstream in agriculture, yet they face formidable obstacles Evaluation of the maize variety preference is necessary and important in order to meet farmers need.

Paying attention to women’s needs and voices in the selection of maize varieties, will make it possible to meet their needs. Little is known about the type of agricultural innovation women farmers prefer and adopt. Furthermore, little is known about the profitability of the women farmers’ production

OBJECTIVE Establish women groups Actively promote the use/testing of improved DTM by women group Evaluate preferences DTM within the group

Methodology STUDY AREA: Southern Guinea Savannah Zone, Nigeria. This includes: Kwara, Niger and Kogi States SAMPLING PROCEDURE: Two Stage Sampling Procedure First Stage: Eight Farmers group Second Stage: 10 women farmers from each group Primary data was used for the study With the use of I like cards I do not like cards

Analytical techniques Descriptive Analysis: This includes the use of frequency, averages, mode and mean Ranking Method: This used 3- Likert scale for the preference scores.

FORMATION OF WOMEN GROUP Several meetings were held with the women group in the selected villages. Eight villages were selected namely ARANDUN ISANLU ISIN BALLAH LAJIKI OMUPO MOKWA KISHI

TRAINING OF MEMBERS ON DTMA AND ON FARM TRIAL

LAYOUT OF PLOT FOR WOMEN GROUP Dimensions of the plots allocated to the women were 10m by 10m because the project was new

Establishment of On-farm trials

MONITORING OF ON FARM TRIALS On farm trials were monitored regularly.

Collection of Agronomic and Yield Data

FIELD DAYS

Field Day Women present during the field day celebration

Socio Economic Characteristic of Women Farmer RESULTS Socio Economic Characteristic of Women Farmer Variables Percentage Mean Age (30-49 years) 50 43 Marital status (Married) 95 Education (No formal education) 10 Farm Size (1-5 hectares) 100 1.92 (hectares)

Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Ballah RESULTS Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Ballah Variety Low Preference (1) Medium Preference (2) High Preference (3) Rank TZEEI 95 x TZZEE 58 2 3 5 2nd TZEEI 81 x TZZEE 95 8 1st FARMER VARIETY 4 1 3rd

Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Lajiki RESULTS Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Lajiki Variety Low Preference (1) Medium Preference (2) High Preference (3) Rank TZEEI 95 x TZZEE 58 1 2 7 1st TZEEI 81 x TZZEE 95 3 5 2nd FARMER VARIETY 9 3rd

Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Arandun RESULTS Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Arandun Variety Low Preference (1) Medium Preference (2) High Preference (3) Rank EVDT 99 2 8 1st 99TZEE-Y-STR 3 5 2nd FARMER VARIETY 4 1 3rd

Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Omupo RESULTS Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Omupo Variety Low Preference (1) Medium Preference (2) High Preference (3) Rank IWDC3 SYN x 21 White DT STR SYN-DT C1 1 9 1st TZ COMP/ ZDPSYN 2 7 2nd FARMER VARIETY 6 3rd

Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Isanlu-Isin RESULTS Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Isanlu-Isin Variety Low Preference (1) Medium Preference (2) High Preference (3) Rank IWDC3 SYN x 21 White DT STR SYN-DT C1 2 8 1st TZ COMP/ ZDPSYN 1 3 6 2nd FARMER VARIETY 7 3rd

Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Mokwa RESULTS Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Mokwa Variety Low Preference (1) Medium Preference (2) High Preference (3) Rank 2013 TZE-W DT STR 2 18 1st 2011 TZE-W DT STR SYN 4 14 2nd FARMER VARIETY 12 3rd

Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Kishi RESULTS Women Farmer variety Preference Result for Kishi Variety Low Preference (1) Medium Preference (2) High Preference (3) Rank IWDC3 SYN x 21 White DT STR SYN-DT C1 1 9 1st 2013 DTE STR-W SYN 2 7 2nd FARMER VARIETY 6 3rd

RESULTS Economic Analysis of the On-farm Demonstration of Women Farmer Group Village Variety Yield (kg/ ha) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) Return to Investment Lajiki Farmer 1,560 982 797 27,000 10000 36800 70200 44190 35865 33400 7390 -935 0.908 0.201 - Ballah 936 1,539 730 9270 36270 42120 69255 32850 5850 32985 -3420 0.161 0.909

RESULTS Economic Analysis of the On-farm Demonstration of Women Farmer Group Village Variety Yield (kg/ ha) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) Return to Investment Arandun Farmer 2,460 2,649 1,281 27,000 11000 38000 110700 119205 57645 72500 81005 19445 1.898 2.121 0.509 Omupo IWDC3 SYN x 21White DT STR SYN-DT C1 TZ COMP/ ZDPSYN Farmer 2,630 2,549 1,021 11600 38600 118350 114705 45945 79650 76005 7245 2.058 1.964 0.187 *Family labour cost was not assigned cost but similar labour time was used on each variety.

RESULTS Economic Analysis of the On-farm Demonstration of Women Farmer Group Village Variety Yield (kg/ ha) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) Return to Investment Isaanlu Isin IWDC3 SYN x 21White DT STR SYN-DT C1 TZ COMP/ ZDPSYN Farmer 2,630   2,549 1,021 27,000 11600 38600 118350 114705 45945 79750 76105 7945 2.066 1.972 0.205 Mokwa 2013 TZE-W DT STR 2011 TZE-W DT STR SYN Farmer Variety 3,460  3,649  2,281  27,000 11000  11000 38000  38000 155700  156105  102645 117700 118105  64645 3.097  3.108  1.701

RESULTS Economic Analysis of the On-farm Demonstration of Women Farmer Group Village Variety Yield (kg/ ha) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) (Naira) Return to Investment Kishi 2013 DTE STR- W SYN IWD C3 SYN/DT SYN- 1-W Farmer Variety 4, 804   4. 100 2,280 27,000 11000 38000 216180 184500 102600 178180 146500 64600 4.689 3.855 1.7 *Family labour cost was not assigned cost but similar labour time was used on each variety.

CONCLUSION It is evident that women farmers can be an instruments of effective adoption It is possible to conceive an integrated innovation in which women interest will be considered Considering the complex nature of agricultural research demands, coordinated effort is needed among all actors in order to ensure that appropriate technology is promoted.

RECOMMENDATION Women farmers should be encouraged through increased access to agricultural inputs and innovations. This will increase the profitability of their production. Efforts should be made to involve women farmers in the varietal selection procedure so as to facilitate easy adoption of the drought tolerant maize. Women farmers’ needs and preferences should be incorporated in the development of agricultural innovations.

RECOMMENDATION Women are more concerned with the food security of their family and hence programmes and policies should not exclude female farmers. Supply of inputs of the innovative facilities should be evenly distributed among genders in order to achieve sustainable agricultural innovation and development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The fund for this project was provided by Mellinda and Bill Gates through the DTMA Project coordinated by International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan is appreciated

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