Primary sector activities What types of jobs would be found in the primary sector?

Primary sector activities

Primary sector activities Which type of country would one see the largest percentage of people working in primary sector jobs? What might account for this? Least developed Developing More developed

Secondary sector activities What types of jobs would be found in the secondary sector?

Secondary sector activities

Secondary sector activities In which stage of Rostow’s model would you see a country applying technology and efficiency to all industries and decreased reliance upon imports?

What is the purpose of a city?

Tertiary Sector: Services

Services and urbanization

Tertiary Sector: Services What types of services do you see in this image?

How far would you travel to…?

How far would you travel to…?

How far would you travel to…?

Services Service = any activity that fulfills a commercial want or need Services are located in settlements Location of services is important for profitability High Socioeconomic status regions tend to offer more services Local diversity is evident in the provision of services

Services Three types of services Consumer services Business services About 44 percent of all jobs in the United States Retail and wholesale Healthcare Hospitality Education Business services About 24 percent of all jobs in the United States Financial services Transportation and information Professionals – law, engineering, accountants, etc. Public services About 17 percent of all jobs in the United States Police, fire, EMS, etc. In the United States, almost all recent employment growth has occurred in the services sector healthcare is especially strong

Percentage of GDP from Services, 2005 Figure 12-1

Employment Change in the United States by Sector Figure 12-2

Central Place Theory A.K.A. Christaller’s Theory Central Place Theory Walter Christaller: The Central Places in Southern Germany (1933) Central Place Theory A theory that explains that distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther. Determines where places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns & cities) are located spatially & functionally Establishes a central place surrounded by the market area Helps determine the most profitable location for the location of a service.

Central Place Theory Assumptions Flat & no physical barriers Soil fertility would be the same everywhere Population & purchasing power would be the same Uniform transportation networks From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance Christaller knew these assumptions weren’t realistic Hexagons might not exist in reality Distribution of settlements based on market areas, population size & distance

Market Areas or hinterland The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services. Market areas are good examples of functional (nodal) regions an area organized around a node or focal point.

Central Place Theory: Market Area Range: How far people are willing to travel for a service. Time of travel over the distance. Threshold: The minimum number of people needed to support the service. The service must also take into consideration demographics

Optimal Market Location Calculate range How far are people willing to drive for a service? Example: 10 miles for a pizza Calculate threshold How many people do we need to use our service to make a profit? Example: $5,000 a week/average people spend $5 a week on pizza = 1000 people Draw the market area Draw the 10 mile market. If there are more than 1000 people within that 10 mile market, it should be optimal

Gravity model Optimal location based on population & distance Positively related to population More people = more interaction Inversely related to distance The farther people must travel = less interaction Calculated Interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them (distance decay); based on Newton’s Law of Gravity

Spheres of Influence

Activity