Myers’ Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

Unit Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Sexual Motivation The Need to Belong Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction Motivation- why do you do things?

Motivational Concepts

Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (unlearned fixed pattern) Instincts in animals are obvious Instincts in humans are both physiological and psychological

Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Replaces instinct theory Homeostasis- this is the point of your drives Need –this pushes you to do stuff Drive- hunger Drive reduction-eating

Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Replaces instinct theory Homeostasis- this is the point of your drives Need –this pushes you to do stuff Drive- hunger Drive reduction-eating

Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Replaces instinct theory Homeostasis- this is the point of your drives Need –this pushes you to do stuff Drive- hunger Drive reduction-eating

Drives and Incentives Incentive Positive attracts Negative repels

Optimum Arousal Arousal Optimum level of arousal being alert and ready to take action, basically your brain is ready to tell your body to do something Optimum level of arousal

A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Variations in the hierarchy

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

Hunger

The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach Washburn study (stomach ≠ hunger)

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Insulin Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus Bring it on orexin Vetromedial hypothalamus Depress it

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones Ghrelin (hungry signal) Obestatin (full signal) PYY (not hungry) Leptin (fat signals) Set point Basal metabolic rate

The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Genetic: sweet and salty Neophobia (Don’t like new food) Adaptive taste preferences

The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Obesity and Weight Control Historical explanations for obesity Obesity Definition Statistics 68% of population

Obesity

Obesity

Children Age 2-19

Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity People opinion is lower of the obese Weight discrimination The more obese someone is the less likely they are to get hired

Weight Discrimination

Weight Discrimination

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells- once they are there, they stay even if shrunken

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Once your Metabolism Thinks you are Starving it Slows down

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity The genetic factor Identical twins will have similar weights Obese parents will be a strong indicator of obese children

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity The food and activity factor Sleep loss= weight gain Social influence Obese friend=obese you

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Food consumption and activity level We eat more and move less Woman eat 300 more a day and men eat 200 more calories a day than they did in 1971

Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight Realistic and moderate goals are key 10% reduction, 6 months

Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight Attitudinal changes Some times it just boils down to accepting it For most people obesity is not a mark of character flaws or lack of willpower

Sexual Motivation

The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Excitement (is rising) phase (edge of)Plateau phase- baby danger Orgasm Resolution phase- return to normal Refractory period

The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones Development of sexual characteristics Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone

The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Ads Clothing Dreams Sexual fantasies

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy Ignorance Minimal communication about birth control Guilt related to sexual activity Alcohol use Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

Sex Math If Student had sex with 9 people, each of whom had sex with 9 people, who in turn had sex with 9 people, how many phantom sex partners did student have? 511

Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections Statistics of STIs 1 in 4 teens infected each year 1 in 2 sexually actives will get one by age 25 1-5 will get genital herpes 1-20 will get Hep B

Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections Teen abstinence High intelligence Religious engagement Father presence Participation in service learning programs

Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics Homosexual orientation Heterosexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics 3.5% homosexual

Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation Origins of sexual orientation studies Linked to problems in child relationships? Linked to fear or hatred of other sex? Levels of hormones? Fraternal birth order effect Younger brothers tend to be homosexual

Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation Same-sex attraction in animals Occurs in hundreds of species

Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation The brain and sexual orientation Gay men and straight women have similar brains; straight men and lesbian women have similar brains Genes and sexual orientation Maternally passed on Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation- female doses produce male attraction

The Need to Belong

The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong Sustaining relationships The pain of ostracism ostracism

The End

Teacher Information Types of Files Animation This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

Teacher Information Continuity slides Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400 kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us

Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print) xxx

Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished

Definition Slide = add definition here

Definition Slides

Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct = a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Drive-reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Binge-eating Disorder = significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Sexual Orientation = an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).