The U. S. Federal Courts

District Courts

District Courts Circuit

District Courts Circuit Supreme

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal Jury Bench

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal Jury Bench Plaintiff

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal Jury Bench Plaintiff Defendant

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal Jury Bench Plaintiff Defendant Discrimination

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal Jury Bench Plaintiff Defendant Discrimination Limited

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal Jury Bench Plaintiff Defendant Discrimination Limited Attorney

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal Jury Bench Plaintiff Defendant Discrimination Limited Attorney Justice

District Courts Circuit Supreme Civil Criminal Jury Bench Plaintiff Defendant Discrimination Limited Attorney Justice Unanimous

13

13 8th

13 8th Federal

13 8th Federal Court

13 8th Federal Court Circuit

13 8th Federal Court Circuit States’

13 8th Federal Court Circuit States’ Constitutional

The United States Courts System Federal & State State Trial Courts United States DistrictCourts State Appeals Courts United States Circuit Courts State Supreme Courts United States Supreme Court

100

100 Civil Rights

How Do Cases Get There?

100 Civil Rights Appeal

100 Civil Rights Appeal Certiorari

100 Civil Rights Appeal Certiorari Petitions

100 Civil Rights Appeal Certiorari Petitions 4

100 Civil Rights Appeal Certiorari Petitions 4 Rule of Four

100 Civil Rights Appeal Certiorari Petitions 4 Rule of Four Original

Standing

Standing Hypothetical

Standing Hypothetical Moot

Standing Hypothetical Moot Political

First Monday in October

First Monday in October June

First Monday in October June 8

First Monday in October June 8 Conferences

Majority

Majority 6

Majority 6 3

Majority 6 3 Decision Stand

Mondays

State

State President’s

State President’s 55

State President’s 55 Brandeis

State President’s 55 Brandeis Taney

State President’s 55 Brandeis Taney First African-American

State President’s 55 Brandeis Taney First Woman Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, presidents have submitted 159 nominations for the Court, including those for chief justice. Of this total, 122 were confirmed (7 declined to serve). http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm Brandeis Taney First African-American First Woman

State President’s 55 Brandeis Taney First Woman Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, presidents have submitted 159 nominations for the Court, including those for chief justice. Of this total, 122 were confirmed (7 declined to serve). http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm Taney First African-American First Woman

State President’s 55 Brandeis Taney First Woman First Hispanic Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, presidents have submitted 159 nominations for the Court, including those for chief justice. Of this total, 122 were confirmed (7 declined to serve). http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm Taney First African-American First Woman First Hispanic

First African-American State President’s 55 Brandeis Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, presidents have submitted 159 nominations for the Court, including those for chief justice. Of this total, 122 were confirmed (7 declined to serve). http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm Taney First African-American First Woman First Hispanic Elena Kagan--2010

Sandra Day O’Connor

Justices Sotamayor, Ginsberg & Kagan