Environmental Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill's Jordan Mohammad Aljaradin  World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies, 19-24 July 2010, (Conference), Barcelona, SPAIN.click.

Outline Introduction: topic of my PhD research Background Goal Field tests and samples analysis

Environmental Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill's Jordan Research topic Environmental Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill's Jordan . Landfill Gas and Leachate Emissions Groundwater Impacts Air quality Impact Climate Change Experiments lysmeters and modelling Results Laura Biganzoli

1970’s 344 Dump site. The people handle their waste Solid waste Situation: 1970’s 344 Dump site. The people handle their waste All the waste was burned. No recycling. Waste problems. Source : Abu Qdais 2009

1990’s 120 uncontrolled dump sites. Solid waste Situation: 1990’s 120 uncontrolled dump sites. 40%waste was landfilled, 60% burned. Municipalities start to collect waste. No recycling. 80% collection coverage end 90s Fees on collection Waste problems.

2000’s 22 Controlled Dump sites. Municipalities fully control waste. Solid waste Situation: 2000’s 22 Controlled Dump sites. Municipalities fully control waste. 94% collection coverage 2004 No recycling. Waste problems.

Now! Solid waste Situation: 20 landfill! 94% collection coverage 2004 -Waste management has become an issue of Concern; Higher population -Various strategies have been introduced to improve the waste management concept. But still !!!!!!!!!!

Socio-Economic and solid waste data Municipal Solid Waste Generation 1.964.284 Million ton/year 0.95 kg/day/capita! MSW generation annual growth 3.3% High potential for recycling Hazardous waste 15.000 ton/year Medical waste 3.285 ton/year Agricultural waste 1.56 Million ton/year Source : Sweep 2009 2011

Solid Waste Responsibilities & Streams

Mixed waste 1 m3 containers House – house 0.3 m3 Centralization waste! Mixed waste 1 m3 containers House – house 0.3 m3 Finally Dumped!! Transfer Station Transfer from garbage trucks (3 – 7 tonnes) to 30-40 tonnes Transfer Station to reduce: Cost, traffic, number of landfills. 2011

2 of 20 have leachate system 1 of 20 have gas collection facilities Method of Disposal Landfilling is the most used Method. Algabwi receive 50% of total waste. 2 of 20 have leachate system 1 of 20 have gas collection facilities Source : Sweep 2009 2011

Method of Disposal 2011

Mafraq alakeedr Alhmra

akaider landfill. alhumra landfill Russifa landfill Ground Water, soil, air Contamination Near Landfills akaider landfill. Heavy metals alhumra landfill Organic ,heavy metals Russifa landfill Amman-wadi sir aquifer Mafraq landfill Ministry of Environment 2009 Akaider landfill Alhumra landfill

Mafraq, geological fault Landfills are not located in suitable site Alukider, Syria border Mafraq, geological fault Russaifa, problem to travelers Humra, bedrock area

Water suitability for household purposes Analyzed wells WHO guideline values ALZatary 7 : Mercury =0.17 mg/L Abdel Mute: Fluoride=3.8 mg/L Abu Rabi: Fluoride=11.1 mg/L Hammouda: Fluoride =14.2 mg/L Five wells : Chloride> 300 mg/L Five wells : Chloride 200-300 mg/L Imadedeen: Sodium=286,53 mg/L Sixteen wells: Hardness>200 Mercury = 0.006 mg/L Fluoride= 1.5 mg/L Chloride=200-300 mg/L Sodium= 200 mg/L Hardness= 100-200 Mercury concentration rarely expected at more than 0,0005 mg/L. To note no mercury was analyzed in other wells except fore one. Fluoride concentration rarely expected at more than 10 mg/L but highly dependent on location.

Location of chemicals exceeding guideline values Cl=224,36mg/L Cl=631,06 mg/L Na=286,53 mg/L Cl= 298,91 mg/L Cl= 344,71mg/L Hg= 1,7 mg/L Cl=321,87mg/L Cl= 499,31mg/L Cl=277,26mg/L Map lacks AL3377 aka Al Zatary 10 Ahmad Husein Abu U rabi: yes or no on map from dr.Suhail, yes on other map If concentrations of ions and heavy metal are influence by the landfill and the groundwater flows to the north, then imadeen should have the highest values. The main ions were in general found to be higher in the private/isolated well fields The heavy metals showed no particular trend depending on well field Seen in general the concentration of ions and metals in Imadeen are highest?

Leachate analysis Heavy Metals: Ions: More concentrated in leachate sample Ions: Ammonium ? Nitrate?

work: Experimental Investigate seasonal influence on emission behavior of semi-arid areas landfills. Seasonal influence on leachate characteristics and methane production. 2. Mathematical modeling to simulate leaching from solid waste landfills and the solute transport into the aquifers.

Climate influence on Emission potential in simulated semi-arid areas landfills Objective This work will be an intensive study of degradation of SMW in a pilot plant scale (figure 1), include changing the temperature of waste and moisture content (by using water or leachate recirculation). The work will be in anaerobic conditions for some time so as to achieve a widely and homogenous degradation of the organic substances inside the landfill. Thereafter, solid samples will be taken to analyze and determine different physical and chemical parameters, leaching tests for the assessment of the potential of leachate emissions as well as investigations of the biological activity of the waste; this will include measurements of the respiration activity and gas formation potential. The limitation of lysimeters studies well known. However, considering the complexities of field studies, lysimeters can help provide a better understanding but still lysimeters can never fully reflect a full-scale landfill. The work will be conducted at TVRL labs in V-building.

Gas: Volume, Methane ( CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2). Operation Stage Time Leachate Re-circulation Water Exchange Sampling Gas Sampling 1st stage Stabilize period 0-35 day   1 times / week 1 time 1L Water add 1 L Leachate removed 2 samples Day 15&30 2nd stage Dry season 36-55 day None - 2 sample Day 36&50 3rd stage Semi dry season 56-75 day 2 times 1 times/ week 0,5L Water add 0,5 L Leachate removed Day 57&75 4th stage Wet season 81-131 day 4 times / day 2 times/ week Day 85&100 Waste: Used size (30mm), Moisture content (MC), Dry mass (DM), Calorific Value (CV), Total organic carbon (TOC), Gas formation Potential (GP21)??. Leachate : PH, Electric Conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), Total Organic carbon (TOC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Ammonium (NH4+-N) , Hydrogen Carbonate (HCO3-), Chloride (Cl-), Sulfate (SO42-), Phosphate (PO42-), Nitrate (NO2), Nitrite (NO3). Heavy metals. Gas: Volume, Methane ( CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2). Lysimeters: waste 30Kg Investigate seasonal influence on emission behavior of semi-arid areas landfills. Seasonal influence on leachate characteristics and methane production.

Long term remedial measures: - Landfill should be designed, located and operated based on national, international guidelines and environmental impact analyses (EIA), which take into consideration the accurate climate date precipitation, evaporation, temperature, and wind direction beside the location from residential areas and the groundwater level. It must also be recognized that good engineering and management of a landfill can be used to maintain a perennial water deficit within the landfill by maximizing runoff and minimizing infiltration into the waste. Authorities must make provision for future landfill needs by allocating suitable land in their long-term strategies. It is crucial that each district have an appropriate site for waste disposal otherwise wastes will be illegally dumped or exported to other areas. -Operational standards (guidelines) for landfill practices needed to provide the requirements for environmentally sound design and operation which considers all site specific conditions (especially climatic data, hydrologic and geologic factors).

-Avoid the co-disposal of waste water from septic tanks into the landfill body to minimize the leachate generated. -Responsible authorities should provide the basic facilities needed for sorting and source separation of waste. -Landfill economic feasibility of gas recovery, processing, and utilization Landfill gas control and collection system should be implemented for more efficient utilization and to prevent the gas accumulation even where the case is not economically feasible. Increase the knowledge and awareness between residences for the important of waste sorting and source separation and it is effect on the social, economic and environmental aspects. -Declare and organizing the scavenger work through merging them formally in the system, Scavenging has been recognized recently in Jordan as an effective way for managing waste whereas it reduce the cost of formal waste management systems as it reduce the quantity of waste for collection.

Short term remedial measures: -Insure daily cover, Leachate problem could be minimized by limiting the water getting into the landfill through surface water diversion to ensure no water can enter the landfill and also to ensure a low water table within the landfill by frequent pumping that should be coupled with the daily soil cover. -Improvement of access road. -Construction the basic infrastructure, fencing and weighbridge. -Stop open burning inside landfills.

-Establishing surface drainage system for limiting the infiltration of the water through the landfill cover by providing impermeable cover and surface water diversion for insuring less water will enter the landfill body. -Raising the awareness's and competences of the employees. -Construction of leachate collection and gas venting facilities. -Ensure no disposal of hazardous and medical waste; it is important that only municipal waste is disposed in landfill without any industrial or hazardous waste. Therefore, waste should be sorted and sites should be carefully selected to especially avoid negative impacts on groundwater resources.

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