Java Graphics CS 2511

Swing Graphics Empty Swing containers have no visual appearance except for a background color Every JComponent must have a paintComponent method that is called when the component is first made visible or needs to be redrawn for some reason The JPanel component is a lightweight container, making it suitable as a drawing area A common way to do graphics is to extend the JPanel class and override the paintComponent method

The paintComponent Method Called by the JVM when this component needs to be redrawn A single argument, the component's graphics context (class: Graphics), is passed when paintComponent is called A Graphics object contains: the component on which it draws the current color and font location origin clipping information and more

Graphics vs. Graphics2D The Graphics class has limitations: Cannot use real number coordinates Cannot draw dotted, dashed, or variable-width lines Cannot easily draw complex curves or fill complex shapes Cannot use textures or gradient colors to fill shapes The newer Graphics2D class extends Graphics and provides these capabilities All GUI components use a Graphics2D object but paintComponent passes a Graphics object for backward compatibility

General Approach public class MyPanel extends JPanel { // instance variables public MyPanel() { // public constructor } // public methods // private helper methods public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g; // drawing messages sent to g2d ...

The paintComponent Method super.paintComponent(g) is called first to ensure that painting responsibilities defined in JPanel are carried out You should not call paintComponent directly; it is called by the JVM when it needs to You can indirectly call paintComponent on a component by using component.repaint()

Some Basic Graphics Methods void setColor(Color color) void setFont(Font font) void drawString(String text, int x, int y) (x,y)is the coordinate of the lower left corner of the drawn string's leftmost character

Graphics Example import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class GraphicsPanel extends JPanel { public GraphicsPanel() { setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200,200)); setBackground(Color.magenta); // panel color } public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2D = (Graphics2D)g; g2D.setColor(Color.blue); // drawing color g2D.setFont(new Font("Helvetica", Font.BOLD, 24)); g2D.drawString("Hello World", 25, 25);

Graphics Example (cont'd) import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class MainFrame extends JFrame { public MainFrame() { setSize(new Dimension(500,300)); setLocation(100,100); addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter () { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { dispose(); System.exit(0); } }); getContentPane().setLayout( new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER)); GraphicsPanel gp = new GraphicsPanel(); getContentPane().add(gp); setVisible(true); public static void main(String[] args) { new MainFrame();

Display

Notes On The Example GraphicsPanel extends JPanel so that the paintComponent method can be overridden If you forget to call super's paintComponent method, you can get pixels from another desktop frame as background garbage The background color is associated with the panel; the paint color with the Graphics2D object The MainFrame class extends JFrame and an instance of it is created in the main method

Drawing Shapes You can draw any object that implements the java.awt.Shape interface. Example: suppose g2D is a Graphics2D object: Shape s = ...; g2D.draw(s); The Java library supplies a number of classes that implement the Shape interface type.

Inheritance Hierarchy of Geometric Shape Classes

Line Shapes java.awt.geom.Line2D is an abstract class with two concrete subclasses that are also inner classes: Line2D.Double Line2D.Float A Line2D object represents a line segment in (x,y) coordinate space. To create a line segment, first create its endpoints using the java.awt.geom.Point2D class

Line Example import java.awt.geom.*; ... public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2D = (Graphics2D)g; Point2D.Double corner1 = new Point2D.Double(100, 50); Point2D.Double corner2 = new Point2D.Double(50, 150); Point2D.Double corner3 = new Point2D.Double(150, 150); Line2D.Double side1 = new Line2D.Double(corner1, corner2); Line2D.Double side2 = new Line2D.Double(corner2, corner3); Line2D.Double side3 = new Line2D.Double(corner3, corner1); g2D.draw(side1); g2D.draw(side2); g2D.draw(side3); }

An Easier Way: Polygons java.awt.Polygon implements the Shape interface. Specify the x and y coordinates of a closed polygon's vertices with the following constructor: Polygon(int[] xpoints, int[] ypoints, int npoints) import java.awt.*; ... public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2D = (Graphics2D)g; Polygon triangle = new Polygon(new int[] {100, 50, 150}, new int[] {50, 150, 150}, 3); g2D.draw(triangle); // produces same triangles as before }

Rectangular Shapes Abstract subclasses of RectangularShape: Rectangle2D, RoundRectangle2D Ellipse2D, Arc2D Each has concrete .Double and .Float subclasses Each constructor requires x,y coordinate of upper left corner of bounding rectangle, and also the rectangle's width and height Use draw to draw an outline of the shape in the current color. Use fill to fill the shape with the current color.

Additional Parameters for Rounded Rectangles arcWidth (x,y) arcHeight height width

Example public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2D = (Graphics2D)g; Rectangle2D.Double rect1 = new Rectangle2D.Double(25,25,100,100); g2D.setColor(Color.black); g2D.draw(rect1); RoundRectangle2D.Double rect2 = new RoundRectangle2D.Double(50,50,100,100,80,30); g2D.setColor(Color.green); g2D.fill(rect2); Ellipse2D.Double rect3 = new Ellipse2D.Double(75,75,100,80); g2D.setColor(Color.blue); g2D.fill(rect3); }

New Display

Additional Parameters for Arcs width -270 90 (x,y) ±180 height 270 -90 angularExtent startAngle Closure type for the arc: OPEN, CHORD, or PIE

Arc Example public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2D = (Graphics2D)g; Arc2D.Double arc = new Arc2D.Double(25,25,150,100,0,120,Arc2D.PIE); g2D.setColor(Color.black); g2D.fill(arc); arc = new Arc2D.Double(25,25,150,100,120,120,Arc2D.PIE); g2D.setColor(Color.green); arc = new Arc2D.Double(25,25,150,100,240,120,Arc2D.PIE); g2D.setColor(Color.orange); }

Arc Display

Arc Example Modified public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2D = (Graphics2D)g; Arc2D.Double arc = new Arc2D.Double(25,25,150,100,0,120,Arc2D.CHORD); g2D.setColor(Color.black); g2D.fill(arc); arc = new Arc2D.Double(25,25,150,100,120,120,Arc2D.CHORD); g2D.setColor(Color.green); new Arc2D.Double(25,25,150,100,240,120,Arc2D.CHORD); g2D.setColor(Color.orange); }

New Arc Display

More Features Other things you can do with Shapes: Check for containment of points and rectangles Get bounding rectangle Check for intersection with another bounding rectangle Other things you can do with 2D graphics contexts: Change stroke properties Draw images Perform rotations, scalings, and translations