Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Subtitle

10.1 Discovery of DNA

10.1 Discovery of DNA LEARNING TARGETS I will be able to: Relate how Frederick Griffith’s experiment showed how a hereditary factor was involved in transformation Summarize how Oswald Avery’s experiment concluded that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses

Frederick Griffith (1928) I science!

Frederick Griffith (1928) British Studied Streptococcus pneumonia

Frederick Griffith (1928) Tried to create a vaccine Studied 2 strains: R strain – does not cause pneumonia S strain – causes pneumonia

Frederick Griffith (1928) What does this image show?

Frederick Griffith (1928) Griffith concluded that the heat killed S cells released their genetic material to the R cells transformation R cells became disease- causing

Oswald Avery (1940’s) I smores…..and science!! American

Oswald Avery (1940’s) Wanted to know if DNA, RNA, or protein was responsible for transformation in Griffith’s experiment

Oswald Avery (1940’s) Wanted to know if DNA, RNA, or protein was responsible for transformation in Griffith’s experiment

Oswald Avery (1940’s) 3 experiments Found out that when DNA wasn’t present, S cells couldn’t transform R cells

Oswald Avery (1940’s)

Hershey and Chase (1952)

Hershey and Chase (1952)

Hershey and Chase (1952) American Determined that DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses

Hershey and Chase (1952)

10.2 DNA Structure

10.2 DNA Structure LEARNING TARGETS I will be able to: Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure Describe the 3 parts of a nucleotide Relate the role of base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins Took x-ray diffraction photos of DNA crystals This information was then used by Watson and Crick

James Watson and Francis Crick (1953) Watson (American) & Crick (British) Developed double helix model of DNA structure Looks like a twisting staircase

James Watson and Francis Crick Howard Wolowitz (American)

DNA Nucleotides Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomers) of ………?

DNA Nucleotides Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomers) of ………? NUCLEIC ACIDS!!!!!!!!!!! If answered correctly… https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=3GwjfUFyY6M

DNA Nucleotides (3 parts) Made up of 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Sugar and phosphate groups are identical in all nucleotides Bases are different

Nitrogenous Bases (4 types) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) These are pyrimidines pyrimidines – have only 1 carbon ring Guanine (G) Adenine (A) These are purines Purines – have 2 carbon rings

Erwin Chargaff (1949) American biochemist Noticed that amount of A = amount of T Amount of C = amount of G This led to base-pairing rules

Base-Pairing Rules C always pairs with G A always pairs with T These are complementary bases connected by hydrogen bonds

Base-Pairing Rules

Base-Pairing Rules

10.3 DNA Replication

10.3 DNA Replication LEARNING TARGETS I will be able to: Summarize the process of DNA replication Identify the role of enzymes if the replication of DNA Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication Describe mutations that occur during DNA replication

10.3 DNA Replication https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKubyIRiN84

DNA Replication Amount of DNA is doubled in preparation for cell division

DNA Replication – 3 Steps One DNA strand is separated into two strands Helicases – enzymes that separate DNA strands What kind of bond is being broken here?

DNA Replication – 3 Steps One DNA strand is separated into two strands Helicases – enzymes that separate DNA strands Almost like using a zipper on a jacket Y shaped region where strands are being separated is called replication fork

DNA Replication – 3 Steps Complementary bases are added to new strands DNA polymerase – enzyme that adds nucleotides to new strands

DNA Replication – 3 Steps DNA polymerase falls off Forms two new strands

Mutations Mutation – change in nucleotide sequence of DNA

Mutations Point Mutation – one single nucleotide is altered by addition, subtraction, or deletion Addition – nucleotide is added to the sequence

Mutations Point Mutation – one single nucleotide is altered by addition, subtraction, or deletion Deletion – one nucleotide is removed from sequence

Mutations Point Mutation – one single nucleotide is altered by addition, substitution, or deletion Substitution – one nucleotide is exchanged for another

10.4 Protein Synthesis

10.4 Protein Synthesis LEARNING TARGETS: I will be able to: Outline the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein Compare the structures of DNA and RNA Summarize the process of transcription Compare the role of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA Identify the importance of learning about the human genome

10.4 Protein Synthesis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls

Protein Synthesis Overview Consists of transcription and translation Transcription – info transferred from DNA to RNA Translation – RNA directs assembly of proteins

RNA Structure single chain Sugar = ribose (not deoxyribose) Has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) U-A and C-G base pairing

3 Types of RNA mRNA – messenger RNA Takes info from DNA in nucleus to ribosome in cytosol

3 Types of RNA tRNA – transfer RNA Transfers amino acids during translation

3 Types of RNA rRNA – ribosomal RNA Makes up part of the ribosome

Transcription Steps RNA polymerase attaches to promoter Promoter – specific sequence of nucleotides where RNA knows to attach what type of molecule is RNA polymerase?

Transcription Steps DNA unwinds

Transcription Steps RNA polymerase reaches termination signal, and breaks off Complementary mRNA is formed!

Transcription Steps Worksheet 10.4 #1 DNA: T T A C G T C A C RNA: ?

Transcription Steps Worksheet 10.4 #1 DNA: T T A C G T C A C RNA: A A U G C A G U G

Genetic Code Explains how a sequence of bases creates a specific amino acid

Genetic Code 3 nucleotides (letters) codes for a specific amino acid (word) Codon – a 3 nucleotide (letter) sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid

Codon Table

Codon Table

Translation Steps mRNA attaches to rRNA of ribosome tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome Don’t forget that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins! Anticodon on tRNA starts the translation process

Translation Steps Codon = CGA Anticodon = GCU

Translation Steps tRNA keeps bringing amino acids to ribosome

Translation Steps Amino acids form peptide bond together tRNA leaves

Translation Steps Stop codon reached and translation stops Ribosome leaves and protein forms

Translation Steps Worksheet 10.4 #3 mRNA = A A U G C A G U G Amino acids = ?

Translation Steps Worksheet 10.4 #3 mRNA = A A U G C A G U G Amino acids = asparagine alanine valine

Translation Steps https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38

Human Genome We’ve figured out the order of 3.2 billion base pairs in the 23 human chromosomes!!!!!!!!!!!!!! About 30,000 genes in human genome Can help find genes responsible for specific diseases

Bellwork Answer the following questions: What are the roles of helicase and DNA polymerase during DNA replication? What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Write the complementary base pairs to ATCCAGGACTA.