Science Warm-up 2/27/2012 How would you feel if someone took stole your idea of an invention before you could make the product? What would you do about this? How would this make you feel? Write a minimum of 5 sentences and leave this inside of your folders.

Chapter 12: Molecular Genetics Aaron Wood By PresenterMedia.com

Chapter 12 Overview Big Idea: DNA is the genetic material that contains a code for proteins Section 1: DNA The Genetic Material Section 2: Replication of DNA Section 3: DNA, RNA, and Protein Section 4: Gene Regulation and Mutation

Key Concepts for Chapter 12 Discovery of DNA DNA structure DNA replication RNA structure DNA transcription and translation Gene regulation Genetic mutations

12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material Main Idea: The discovery that DNA is the genetic code involved many experiments Discovery of DNA Experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase DNA Structure Nucleotides, Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick. Chromosome Structure Winding, coiling and nucleosomes.

Discovery of the Genetic Material Griffith discovered that one strain could be transformed, or changed, into the other form.

Notice the live S cells killed the mouse in the study. The live R cells did not kill the mouse. However, when Griffith made a mixture of live R cells and killed S cells killed the mouse.

Avery’s Experiment In 1944, Oswald Avery identified the molecule that transformed the R strain of bacteria into the S strain. Concluded that when the S cells were killed DNA was released. R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells and changed into S cells.

Hershey and Chase (1952) Used radioactive labeling to trace DNA and proteins. Concluded that the viral DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses.

Science Warm-up 2/28/2012 If we could extract the DNA from all of your cells, your DNA would reach from the Earth to the Sun and back 100 times. How does all that material fit inside of our cells? True or False, and why: DNA is a structurally simpler molecule than protein.

DNA Structure p.329 Nucleotides Consist of a five-carbon structure, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Chargaff’s Rule Chargaff analyzed the amount of adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine in the DNA of various species.

Cytosine always attaches to Guanine Adenine always attached to Thymine.

Built a model of the double helix that conformed to others’ research. Watson and Crick p.330 Built a model of the double helix that conformed to others’ research. Two outside strands of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate. Cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other by two hydrogen bonds. Adenine and thymine bases pair to each other by three hydrogen bonds.

DNA Structure DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder. Rails of the ladder are represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate. The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.

One rail is oriented 5’ to 3’. The other rail is oriented 3’ to 5’.

Chromosome Structure p.332 DNA coils around histones to form nucleosomes, which coil to form chromatin fibers. These chromatin fibers super-compact during prophase.

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote 12.2 Replication of DNA Main Idea: DNA replicates by making a strand that is complementary to each original strand Semiconservative Replicaiton DNA helicase, RNA primase Base Pairing Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine, DNA polymerase, Okazaki Fragments Single area vs multiple areas. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

ACGTACGATACCGGCC Science Warm-up 2/29/2012 Why do we have leap day in our calendar? What is the point of leap day and year? What is the complementary DNA strand for the following? ACGTACGATACCGGCC

Semiconservative replication p.333 Parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA.

Unwinding DNA DNA helicase, an enzyme, is responsible for unwinding and unzipping the double helix. RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer, on each DNA strand.

Base Pairing Once unwound DNA Polymerase attaches new nucleotides to the old strands of DNA. Cytosine with Guanine Adenine with Thymine

Leading strand vs. Lagging Strand Since opposite side goes in the opposite direction, replication can only occur segments at a time. Segments are called Okazaki Fragments. These segments are then bonded together by DNA ligase. Leading strand is completed in one continuous movement.

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes unwind their DNA in multiple locations. Prokaryotes open up their DNA in only one location.

12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Main Idea: DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis Central Dogma Order of operations for DNA RNA mRNA, tRNA, rRNA DNA  RNA Transcription RNA  Protein Translation

Central Dogma of Biology p.336 The basic mechanism for reading and expression of genes is known as the “central dogma”. DNA codes for RNA, which guides the synthesis of proteins.

What is RNA? P.336 RNA is a nucleic acid that is similar to DNA. RNA contains the sugar ribose (not deoxyribose), and the base uracil (not thymine).

3 major types of RNA mRNA rRNA tRNA Messenger RNA Travel from the nucleus to the ribosome. rRNA Ribosomal RNA Associate with ribosomes to form proteins in the cytoplasm tRNA Transfer RNA Transport amino acids to the ribosome.

Science Warm-up 3/1/2012 Describe to me the central dogma of biology. Also, describe to me the 3 different types of RNA, and their function as well. Once you have completed your 5 sentences about the topic, read over the DNA Necklace lab handout found in your folders if you qualified.

Transcription p.337 First step of the central dogma involves the synthesis of mRNA from DNA. RNA strand is created by RNA polymerase. Transcribe- to write out an exact copy of something

RNA Processing p.337 Not all of the DNA copied will be used to code for a protein. Parts that are used are called exons. Parts that are removed are called introns. "JUST ARRIVED IN PARIS -(STOP)- PRESENTLY UNDER ATTACK FROM THE NATIVES -(STOP)- WILL SEND AN UPDATE ON PROGRESS POST HASTE"

Translation p.338 Once the mRNA is synthesized and processed, it moves to the ribosome. This is when the RNA is read, and translated to make a protein. Translation- a word, phrase, or text in another language that has a meaning equivalent to that of the original

Translation is based upon the codons that the strand has. Each codon is a 3-base sequence of DNA or RNA. Each codon is associated with a specific amino acid.

In translation, tRNA molecules act as the interpreters of the mRNA codon sequence. At the middle of the folded strand, there is a three-base coding sequence called the anticodon. Each anticodon is complementary to a codon on the mRNA.

Animation

One Gene---One Enzyme Each individual gene codes for a specific polypeptide. These polypeptides create enzymes.

Science Warm-up 10/6/11 Write a strong paragraph that describes the difference of transcription and translation. Include at least once sentence about the “central dogma”. This will be turned in today. So work on this individually and quietly. You are welcome to use your notes.

12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Main Idea: Gene expression is regulated by the cell, and mutations can affect this expression. Operons Prokaryote gene regulation Hox Genes Eukaryote gene regulation Substitution, deletion, insertion, duplication, repetition Mutations

Operons p. 342 Section of DNA that contains the genes needed for a specific metabolic pathway. Includes: Operator Promoter Regulatory gene Protein coding genes

Hox genes p.344 Hox genes are important in determining the body plan for organisms.

Mutations p. 345 Mutations are a permanent change that occurs in a cell’s DNA. Substitutions- one base is switched Deletion- one base is removed Insertion- one base is added Duplication- codon is duplicated Repetition- codon is repeated.

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