Circulatory unit 8 ppt#3 Major Arteries and Veins Blood pressure

Major Systemic Arteries Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superficial temporal a. Facial a. External carotid a. Vertebral a. Internal carotid a. Common carotid a. Subclavian a. Brachiocephalic trunk Subclavian a. Axillary a. Aortic arch Internal thoracic a. Diaphragm Subscapular a. Deep brachial a. Brachial a. Common hepatic a. Splenic a. Radial collateral a. Renal aa. Superior ulnar collateral a. Superior mesenteric a. Gonadal a. Inferior mesenteric a. Radial a. Common iliac a. Ulnar a. Internal iliac a. External iliac a. Interosseous aa. Palmar arches Deep femoral a. Femoral a. Popliteal a. Anterior tibial a. Posterior tibial a. Fibular a. Arcuate a. Figure 20.21 supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs

Major Branches of the Aorta Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. R. common carotid a. L. common carotid a. R. subclavian a. L. subclavian a. Brachiocephalic trunk Aortic arch Ascending aorta Descending aorta, thoracic (posterior to heart) Diaphragm Aortic hiatus Descending aorta, abdominal Figure 20.23

Arteries of the Head and Neck Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Supraorbital a. Superficial temporal a. Ophthalmic a. Posterior auricular a. Occipital a. Maxillary a. Internal carotid a. Facial a. External carotid a. Carotid sinus Lingual a. Vertebral a. Superior thyroid a. Thyroid gland Common carotid a. Thyrocervical trunk Costocervical trunk Subclavian a. Figure 20.24a Axillary a. Brachiocephalic trunk (a) Lateral view common carotid divides into internal and external carotids external carotid supplies most external head structures

Arteries of the Upper Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. subclavian passes between clavicle and 1st rib vessel changes names as passes to different regions subclavian to axillary to brachial to radial and ulnar brachial used for BP and radial artery for pulse Common carotid a. Subclavian a. Brachiocephalic trunk Axillary a. Circumflex humeral aa. Brachial a. Deep brachial a. Superior ulnar collateral a. Radial collateral a. Interosseous aa.: Common Posterior Anterior Radial a. Ulnar a. Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch (a) Major arteries Figure 20.34a

Arteries of the Thorax thoracic aorta supplies viscera and body wall Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. V ertebral a. Common carotid aa. Thyrocervical trunk Brachiocephalic trunk Costocervical trunk L. subclavian a. Thoracoacromial trunk Subscapular a. Aortic arch Pericardiophrenic a. Lateral thoracic a. Bronchial aa. Descending aorta Anterior intercostal aa. Posterior intercostal aa. Internal thoracic a. Subcostal a. Figure 20.27a Esophageal aa. (a) Major arteries thoracic aorta supplies viscera and body wall bronchial, esophageal, and mediastinal branches posterior intercostal and phrenic arteries internal thoracic, anterior intercostal, and pericardiophrenic arise from subclavian artery

Major Branches of Abdominal Aorta Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Inferior phrenic a. Aortic hiatus Celiac trunk Superior Suprarenal aa. Middle Inferior Superior mesenteric a. Renal a. Lumbar aa. Gonadal a. Inferior mesenteric a. Common iliac a. Figure 20.29 Internal iliac a. Median sacral a.

Celiac Trunk Branches Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Gallbladder Left gastric a. Liver Short gastric a. Spleen Cystic a. Short gastric aa. Hepatic aa. Aorta Celiac trunk Hepatic a. proper R. gastric a. L. gastric a. Gastroduodenal a. Splenic a. Splenic a. Superior pancreaticoduodenal a. L. gastro- omental a. Right gastric a. Gastroduodenal a. Left gastro- omental a. Pancreas Pancreatic aa. Common hepatic a. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. R. gastro-omental a. Superior mesenteric a. Right gastro- omental a. Duodenum (b) Celiac circulation to the stomach (a) Branches of the celiac trunk Figure 20.30 a-b branches of celiac trunk supply upper abdominal viscera - stomach, spleen, liver, and pancreas

Mesenteric Arteries Figure 20.31 a-b Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. Transverse colon Transverse colon Aorta Jejunum Middle colic a. Descending colon Superior mesenteric a. Aorta Inferior mesenteric a. R. colic a. Left colic a. Ileocolic a. Jejunal aa. Sigmoid aa. Ascending colon Superior rectal a. Ileal aa. Sigmoid colon Cecum Rectum Ileum Appendix (a) Distribution of superior mesenteric artery (b) Distribution of inferior mesenteric artery Figure 20.31 a-b

Arteries of the Lower Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral Medial Medial Lateral Aorta Common iliac a. Internal iliac a. External iliac a. Inguinal ligament Obturator a. Circumflex femoral aa. Circumflex femoral aa. Femoral a. Descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral a. Deep femoral a. Descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral a. Adductor hiatus Genicular aa. Genicular aa. Popliteal a. Anterior tibial a. Fibular a. Posterior tibial a. Anterior tibial a. Fibular a. Dorsal pedal a. Medial tarsal a. Lateral plantar a. Lateral tarsal a. Medial plantar a. Arcuate a. Deep plantar arch (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 20.36 a-b branches to the lower limb arise from external iliac branch of the common iliac artery

Major Systemic Veins Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. External jugular v. Internal jugular v. Brachiocephalic v. Subclavian v. Superior vena cava Axillary v. Diaphragm Hepatic v. Kidney Inferior vena cava Renal v. Cephalic v. Brachial vv. Basilic v. Gonadal vv. Common iliac v. Internal iliac v. Radial vv. External iliac v. Ulnar vv. Median Antebrachial v. Venous palmar arches Dorsal venous network Deep femoral v. Femoral v. Femoral v. Popliteal v. Anterior tibial vv. Posterior tibial vv. Small saphenous v. Great saphenous v. Fibular vv. Dorsal venous arch Plantar venous arch Figure 20.22 deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial veins have many anastomoses

Deep Veins of Head and Neck Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior sagittal sinus Corpus callosum Great cerebral vein Inferior sagittal sinus Superficial middle cerebral vein Superior ophthalmic vein Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses Cavernous sinus Transverse sinus To internal jugular v . Sigmoid sinus Sigmoid sinus Internal jugularv. Straight sinus Transverse sinus Confluence of sinuses (b) Dural venous sinuses, inferior view (a) Dural venous sinuses, medial view Figure 20.26 a-b large, thin-walled dural sinuses form in between layers of dura mater drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein

Superficial Veins of Head and Neck Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior ophthalmic v . Superficial temporal v . Occipital v. Facial v . Vertebral v. External jugular v . Superior thyroid v . Internal jugular v . Thyroid gland Subclavian v . Figure 20.26c Axillary v. Brachiocephalic v . (c) Superficial veins of the head and neck internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head upper limb is drained by subclavian vein

Veins of Hepatic Portal System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diaphragm Inferior phrenic v. Hepatic vv. Inferior vena cava Figure 20.32 R. suprarenal v. L. suprarenal v. Lumbar v.1 L. renal v. R. renal v. Lumbar vv. 1-4 Lumbar vv. 2–4 L. ascending lumbar v . R. ascending lumbar v. Iliolumbar v. Common iliac v. R. gonadal v. L. gonadal v. Median sacral v. Internal iliac v. External iliac v. drains nutrient rich blood from viscera (stomach, spleen and intestines) to liver so that blood sugar levels are maintained

Superficial and Deep Veins of Upper Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular vv. External Internal Subclavian v. Brachiocephalic vv. Superior vena cava Axillary v. Cephalic v. Basilic v. Brachial vv. Median cubital v. Median antebrachial v. Radial vv. Ulnar vv. Cephalic v. Basilic v. Deep venous palmar arch Superficial venous palmar arch Dorsal venous network Superficial veins Deep veins (a) Major veins Figure 20.35a

Superficial and Deep Veins of Lower Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral Medial Medial Lateral Inferior vena cava Common iliac v. Internal iliac v . External iliac v . Circumflex femoral vv. Circumflex femoral vv. Deep femoral v . Femoral v . Great saphenous v . Popliteal v . Anterior tibial v. Small saphenous v. Small saphenous v. Superficial veins Deep veins Fibular vv. Anterior tibial vv. Posterior tibial vv. Dorsal venous arch Medial plantar v. Lateral plantar v. Deep plantar venous arch (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 20.38 a-b

Total cardiac output 5 L/min Total cardiac output 17.5 L/min Blood Flow Comparison Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. At rest Total cardiac output 5 L/min Moderate exercise Total cardiac output 17.5 L/min Other 350 mL/min (7.0%) Other 400 mL/min (2.3%) Coronary 200 mL/min (4.0%) Coronary 750 mL/min (4.3%) Cutaneous 1,900 mL/min (10.9%) Cutaneous 300 mL/min (6.0%) Muscular 1,000 mL/min (20.0%) Cerebral 750 mL/min (4.3%) Cerebral 700 mL/min (14.0%) Renal 600 mL/min (3.4%) Digestive 1,350 mL/min (27.0%) Muscular 12,500 mL/min (71.4%) Renal 1,100 mL/min (22.0%) Digestive 600 mL/min (3.4%) Figure 20.15 during exercise increased perfusion of lungs, myocardium, and skeletal muscles decreased perfusion of kidneys and digestive tract

What is blood pressure? Measures force of blood in the arteries High blood pressure (HBP) = hypertension (HTN)

Hypertension: High Blood Pressure hypertension – most common cardiovascular disease affecting about 30% of Americans over 50 “the silent killer” major cause of heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure damages heart by increasing afterload myocardium enlarges until overstretched and inefficient renal arterioles thicken in response to stress drop in renal BP leads to salt retention (aldosterone) and worsens the overall hypertension primary hypertension obesity, sedentary behavior, diet, nicotine secondary hypertension – secondary to other disease kidney disease, hyperthyroidism

Blood Pressure Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases Slide 11.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors Neural factors Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division) and parasympathetic Renal factors Regulation by altering blood volume Renin – hormonal control Slide 11.39a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors Temperature Heat has a vasodilation effect Cold has a vasoconstricting effect Chemicals Various substances can cause increases or decreases Endocrine/hormone functions as stimulators or relaxors. Diet Slide 11.39b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What factors influence blood pressure? Blood volume Vascular resistance Autoregulation, by medula oblongata Autonomic influences, hormones, chemical signals, epinephrine, norepinephrine Endocrine functions

Variations in Blood Pressure Human normal range is variable Normal 140–110 mm Hg systolic 80–75 mm Hg diastolic Hypotension Low systolic (below 110 mm HG) Often associated with illness Hypertension High systolic (above 140 mm HG) Can be dangerous if it is chronic Slide 11.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

How is BP measured? Blood pressure cuff mm mercury 2 numbers shown as a fraction Systolic/Diastolic Ex. 120/80 Usually requires more than one reading to be diagnosed with high blood pressure

Systolic The top number in blood pressure readings Measures the pressure in arteries when heart is beating

Diastolic The bottom number in blood pressure readings Measures pressure when heart is at rest

Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Figure 11.18 Slide 11.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

How to take your blood pressure https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gmic13mvsgo