Stress, Anxiety and Sport Performance

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Presentation transcript:

Stress, Anxiety and Sport Performance SUMMARY Dr. Balogh László

Stressor: stimulus, physiology or psychology demands Theories that focus on the specific relationship between external demands (stressors) and bodily processes (stress) can be grouped in two different categories: approaches to `systemic stress' based in physiology and psychobiology (among others, Selye 1936) and approaches to`psychological stress' developed within the field of cognitive psychology (Lazarus 1966, 1991, Lazarus and Folkman 1984, McGrath 1982). "Stress is a pattern of negative physiological states and psychological response occurring in situations where people perceive threats to their well- being, which they may be unable to meet."Lazarus and Folkman 1984 Selye ( 1976) defines this stress as `a state manifested by a syndrome which consists of all the nonspecifically induced changes in a biologic system.' Theoretical background: C. Bernard „Millieu Enteriuer”, Cannon: „homeostasis theory” Depends on: general conditions of human organization, psychological toughness, state of immune system.. Stressor: stimulus, physiology or psychology demands Answer to Stress (Selye János, General Adaptation Syndrome, 1964): The alarm reaction (Cannon, 1915) The organism enters the stage of resistance The stage of exhaustion. Or illness, die. AROUSAL? ‘ a general physiological and psychological activation, varying on a continuum to from deep sleep to excitement’ (Weinberg, Gould, 2011) Dr. Balogh László http://www.igeszsegkalauz.hu/stressz/selye-janos-a-stresszelmelet-atyja 2

Causes of and Reactions to Stress Four steps model on sports (McGrath, 1970, Weinberg, Gould, 2011) Causes of Stress (Lazarus, Folkman, 1984): Internal (psychological, illness, self criticism, bad daily habits) External (enviromental, daily life stress (i.e. traffic jam), social relationships) Occupational (job satisfaction, organizational justice or injustice, salary, benefits, unemployment) Personal (family, friends, partners, colleagues, team mates) Eustress (positive cognitive response) Distress (anxiety, unpleasent feelings) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiKFYTFJ_kw Dr. Balogh László

Stress - Anxiety Most frequent reaction to Stress and higher Arousal An emotional reaction to a stimulus perceived as dangerous (Spielberger, 1972) 'Anxiety is a negative emotional state in which feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body‚ (Weinberg,Gould,2011) Trait or State Anxiety Cognitve or/and Somatic State Anxiety Performance Facilitate or Performance Debilitant Weinberg, Robert S & Gould, Daniel (2011). Foundation of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 5th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. http://kieranppower1994.blogspot.hu/2014/03/sportpsychology-and-relationship.html Dr. Balogh László

Stress from to Complete a Task (Competitive Anxiety, Nagykáldi, 1998) More important sport event - more higher stress and anxiety (Lowe, 1977) Doubtfulness – more undetermined factors, more stress and anxiety (Martens, 1987) Personality (trait or state anxiety, self confident and self esteem) http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?fr2=sg-gac&sado=1&p=stress%20test&fr=yfp-t-203&ei=utf-8&x=wrt&w=428&h=420&imgurl=www.cattlerange.com/stress-test/i-stress-test.gif&rurl=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/stress_test.aspx&size=98.1kB&name=stress+test+Research+|+Find+stress+test+Articles+|...&p=stress+test&type=gif&oid=880d9abab8bc38da&no=8&tt=51,948&sigr=11ig5gls3&sigi=11h5r8rr2&sigb=13af97v9v Dr. Balogh László

Stress , Anxiety and Sport Performance Arousal Hull drive theory https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology- textbook/motivation-12/theories-of-motivation-65/drive-reduction-theory-of- motivation-250-12785/ Direct and linear relationship to arousal and performance. Arousal increases, the athletes performance get better. Mediator through the attention and focusing. Dr. Balogh László

Hebb (1955) – optimum arousal theory Yerkes-Dodson (1908) Hebb (1955) – optimum arousal theory http://kieranppower1994.blogspot.hu/2014/03/sportpsychology-and-relationship.html, Gill, A. (2014) Anxiety/Arousal/ Stress Relationship. Chesterfield College. Lecture Notes Dr. Balogh László

Fazey, Hardy (1988, 1990): Catastrophe Theory There were some researchers who were dissatisfied with the inverted-u theory as a description of anxiety. They proposed three criticisms: 1. Somatic (physical) anxiety is not separate from cognitive anxiety – the one affects the other 2. When someone passes the optimal point and their performance drops, it doesn’t always tail off gradually but often plummets suddenly 3. Even if you “tweak” a player’s anxiety back to the optimal level, performance doesn’t usually recover from a collapse like this (https://sportspsych.wikispaces.com/file/view/Catastrophe+handout.pdf) „When cognitive anxiety is low, performance rises to an optimal point with arousal then dips back down again – a classic inverted-u. But when cognitive anxiety is high, performance falls off a cliff after the optimal point and even arousal drops slightly.” https://sportspsych.wikispaces.com/file/view/Catastrophe+handout.pdf Fazey, Hardy (1988, 1990): Catastrophe Theory Dr. Balogh László

Csíkszentmihályi: Flow (1975) In the process of activity: To be in the zone Fully immersed mental state Full involvement Full enjoyment Hyperfocus Balance between the ability and challenge! Dr. Balogh László

Yuri Hanin (1990, 2000): Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/sport-psychology-midterm-exam-part-1/deck/7727603 Yuri Hanin (1990, 2000): Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning Dr. Balogh László

Multidimensional Theory of Sport Anxiety (Martens, 1990) Cognitive Anxiety: Had a negative linear relationship with performance Somatic Anxiety: Had an Inverted-U shaped relationship with performance http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol4Iss2/Competitive_State_Anxiety.htm Dr. Balogh László

Reversal Theory (Apter, 1984, Kerr, 1999) Arousal only affects performance dependent on how the performer perceives this arousal. Performers with low arousal may perceive this with either negative or positive feelings: boredom or relaxation, Similarly performers with high levels arousal may also perceive this either positively or negatively: excitement or anxiety. Dr. Balogh László

STRESS MEASUREMENT METHODS Stress reactivity and personality in extreme sport athletes: The psychobiology of BASE jumpers Physiology & Behavior, Volume 167, Issue null, Pages 289-297 Erik Monasterio, et al.2016. Dr. Balogh László

EGIG Examination time (min) 20 40 1. period 2. period N: 18 (sportolók) Éhgyomorra Fekvő helyzetben Stress EGIG – Experimetria/MDE Pilot study CPM átlagértékek Dr. Balogh László Pilot study CPM átlagértékek bélszakaszonként

Dr. Balogh László

Consequences of Stress and Anxiety Wide or narrow attention level (lack of focusing) Muscle Tension Out of Zone Angular Movement Inaccurate technical elements To short motion Fear and Worry …… Dr. Balogh László

Stress and Anxiety Management (Nagykáldi, 1998) Somatic Threatment (Psychoregulation Training) Relaxing Joga breathing Reeducations training Progressive relaxation Autogen Training Biofeedback Training Cognitive Threatment Social support (from coach, parents) Inner Talks (both emotionally and sport specific) Neuorlinguistic Programme (block of negative thinking) Mental Training (Imaginative Training) Dr. Balogh László

Summary What did we learn?: Definition of Stress Physiology Background Causes and Consequences Definition of Anxiety Realationships between Stress, Anxiety and Sport Performance Stress – don’t worry, no fear Performance inhibition – use it, conscious! http://www.globoforce.com/gfblog/2016/emotional-building-trust/ Dr. Balogh László