CSE 301 History of Computing The Internet

A Vision of Connecting the World – the Memex Proposed by Vannevar Bush "As We May Think" in Atlantic Monthly in 1945 later in Life Magazine "a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility" an idea that would become hypertext Bush’s work was influential on all Internet pioneers particularly Douglas Engelbart The Memex did more than offer linked information to a user though. It was a tool for establishing links as well as following them. The technology used would have been a combination of electromechanical controls and microfilm cameras and readers, all integrated in a large desk. Most of the microfilm library would have been contained within the desk itself, with the option of adding or removing microfilm reels at will. It could also be used without linking, to generate information on microfilm, by taking photos from paper or from a touch sensitive translucent screen. In a way then the Memex desk was more than an hypertext machine. It was a microfilm based precursor to the personal computer. The November 1945 Life magazine article which showed the first illustrations of what the Memex desk could look like also showed illustrations of a head mounted camera, which a scientist could wear while doing experiments, and of a typewriter capable of voice recognition and of reading back the text by speech synthesis. Taken together, these Memex machines were probably the earliest practical description of what we would call today the Office of the future. Project Xanadu was founded by Ted Nelson in 1960 as the original hypertext project. Project Xanadu products and services exist today as prototypes or proposals. Ted Nelson's published his visionary ideas in his 1974 book Computer Lib / Dream Machines and the 1981 Literary Machines . Many of Project Xanadu's proposed features have found their way into other hypertext systems, including the World Wide Web and WikiWiki systems. Some of Xanadu's most innovative features, such as general-purpose transclusion and micropayments, have yet to be deployed in any widespread way. HyperCard is an application program and a simple programming environment produced by Apple Computer which runs only in Mac OS versions 9 or earlier. It most closely resembles a database application in concept, in that it stores information, but unlike traditional database systems HyperCard is graphical, very flexible and trivially easy to modify. In addition HyperCard includes a powerful and easy to use programming language to manipulate that data, one that is so easy to use that most HyperCard users used it as a programming system as opposed to a database. HyperCard was originally released with System 6 in 1987, and was finally withdrawn from sale in March, 2004, though had not been updated for many years at that time. HyperCard was created by Bill Atkinson and initially released in 1987, with the understanding that Atkinson would give HyperCard to Apple only if they promised to release it for free on all Macs.

The Memex

The Impetus to Act 1957 - U.S.S.R. launches Sputnik I into space 1958 - U.S. Department of Defense responds by creating ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency “mission is to maintain the technological superiority of the U.S. military” “sponsoring revolutionary, high-payoff research that bridges the gap between fundamental discoveries and their military use.” Name changed to DARPA (Defense) in 1972 Name changed back to ARPA in 1993 Name changed back to DARPA in 1996

Bell 103 by AT&T (the first modem) What’s a modem? used for computers to communicate across phone lines uses same frequencies as voice transmission requires dedicated phone line connections Modems started to be developed in 1950s for military purposes First commercial device available in 1962

If there are modems doesn’t that mean there is an Internet? No The Internet uses packet switching, not dedicated lines The Internet has a common language of communication (protocols)

ARPANET The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the world's first operational packet switching network. Project launched in 1968. Required development of IMPs (Interface Message Processors) by Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) IMPs would connect to each other over leased digital lines IMPs would act as the interface to each individual host machine Used packet switching concepts published by Leonard Kleinrock, most famous for his subsequent books on queuing theory

Who’s the father of the Internet? Paul Baran? Donald Davies? Len Kleinrock? J.C.R. Licklider? Bob Taylor? Larry Roberts? Vinton Cerf? Robert Kahn? Answer: to designate one “father” is silly. Anyway, it depends on who you ask

Early work Baran (L) and Davies (R) Paul Baran began working at the RAND corporation on secure communications technologies in 1959 goal to enable a military communications network to withstand a nuclear attack. use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points (distributed computing) devised dividing complete user messages into message blocks before sending them into the network Donald Davies of Britain’s National Physics Lab had begun working on related concepts in 1965 Introduced the term “packet” The Internet Society (ISOC) writes about this merge of technologies in A Brief History of the Internet and states in a note: “It was from the RAND study that the false rumor started claiming that the ARPANET was somehow related to building a network resistant to nuclear war. This was never true of the ARPANET, only the unrelated RAND study on secure voice considered nuclear war. However, the later work on Internetying did emphasize robustness and survivability, including the capability to withstand losses of large portions of the underlying networks.”

Len Kleinrock Queueing theorist & engineer Really formalized packet switching research while at MIT Later joined ARPANET effort while at UCLA Oversaw installation of ARPANET’s first IMP at UCLA

J.C.R. Licklider (“Lick”) Wrote Man-Computer Symbiosis in 1960 outlined the need for simpler interaction between computers and users Formulated the earliest ideas of a global computer network at MIT in 1962 1962-1964, Licklider was head of the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) set up ARPA research contracts with leading research institutions (Stanford, MIT, UCLA, etc …) proposed an “Intergalactic Computer Network“ to link the institutions promoted standards among the various computing facilities

Bob Taylor Director of ARPA’s IPTO (after Licklider & Ivan Sutherland) When he took over, the Intergalactic Computer Network was not actually connected He had a direct connection to ARPA computers around the country Different researchers used different computers that could not talk to one another Taylor continued Licklider’s vision, proposing to link them together in a uniform network (funded $1 million) the U. S. government’s best return on an investment in its history? maybe the Louisiana Purchase or the purchase of Alaska Taylor would later supervise Xerox PARC Won National Medal of Technology in 1999

Larry Roberts Sometimes called “the father of ARPANET” Built first transcontinental network from MIT to Santa Monica (not packet switched) Strong-armed by Taylor to link ARPA computers Roberts was ARPANET’s principal architect Decided to use packet switching & IMPs (idea from Wes Clark the researcher, not the former presidential candidate) Decided to start with 4 sites: UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, & Utah

ARPANET Initial ARPANET deployed in late 1969 with four hosts: University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Stanford Research Institute (SRI) University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) University of Utah Due to Kleinrock's early development of packet switching theory and his focus on analysis, design and measurement, his Network Measurement Center at UCLA was selected to be the first node on the ARPANET. All this came together in September 1969 when BBN installed the first IMP at UCLA and the first host computer was connected. Doug Engelbart's project on "Augmentation of Human Intellect" (which included NLS, an early hypertext system) at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) provided a second node. SRI supported the Network Information Center, led by Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler and including functions such as maintaining tables of host name to address mapping as well as a directory of the RFC's. One month later, when SRI was connected to the ARPANET, the first host-to-host message was sent from Kleinrock's laboratory to SRI. Two more nodes were added at UC Santa Barbara and University of Utah. These last two nodes incorporated application visualization projects, with Glen Culler and Burton Fried at UCSB investigating methods for display of mathematical functions using storage displays to deal with the problem of refresh over the net, and Robert Taylor and Ivan Sutherland at Utah investigating methods of 3-D representations over the net.

ARPANET (1971) cybergeography.org

TIP = cybergeography.org

ARPANET Goes Public In October 1972 Robert Kahn organized a large, very successful demonstration of the ARPANET at the International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC). This was the first public demonstration of this new network technology to the public. Electronic mail was introduced in 1972 by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. E-mail took off as the largest network application for over a decade. In March Ray Tomlinson at BBN wrote the basic email message send and read software, motivated by the need of the ARPANET developers for an easy coordination mechanism. In July, Roberts expanded its utility by writing the first email utility program to list, selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages.

Aloha Net First wireless network Created at University of Hawaii in 1970! Send packets over radio waves Developed under leadership of Norman Abramson Also built with DARPA funding Sent data at approximately 80 characters per second Only one node could talk at a time Inspired future development of Ethernet protocol at Xerox PARC by Bob Metcalfe (3Com founder)

TCP/IP Instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the ARPANET, the hosts became responsible. TCP – Transmission Control Protocol included error-correction techniques IP – Internet Protocol assumed that the end host would deal with transmission errors With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum, it became possible to join almost any networks together, no matter what their characteristics. One popular saying has it that TCP/IP will run over "two tin cans and a string". In 1983, TCP/IP protocols became the principal protocol of the ARPANET As 1983 dawns, every site within or connected to the ARPAnet is supposed to switch to TCP/IP. Some sites are given a grace period of a few months, but by the spring any system that has not converted is bumped off the network. Although the event plays out with few problems for most networkers, buttons circulate that boast "I survived the TCP/IP transition." The networking community has already begun to call the ARPAnet and affiliated networks the "Internet," and in 1983 this evolution in language is made official. The Internet's exploding frontiers create the need for order and subdivision. The government's Defense Communications Agency, which has authority over the network, splits it into MILNET, for military-related sites, and the regular Internet, for other sites.

Vinton Cerf Known as the “father of the Internet” co-designed the TCP/IP protocol with Robert Kahn led effort for its adoption in 1980s in the mid 1980s, he led the engineering of MCI Mail, the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet. Served as founding president of ISOC (Internet Society) from 1992-1995. In 1997, he was presented the U.S. National Medal of Technology, along with Kahn

Robert Kahn Known as the “father of the Internet” co-designed the TCP/IP protocol with Vinton Cerf In 1997, he was presented the U.S. National Medal of Technology, along with Cerf They also won ACM’s Turing Award in 2004

There’s only one “God of the Internet” Jon Postel Part of ARPANET while at UCLA Designed domain name system Top administrator for IANA overall authority for IP Addresses & Domain Names

1980s The Modern Internet emerges Connections expanded to more educational institutions and companies National Science Foundation (NSF), became heavily involved in the Internet intended to connect supercomputing centers ARPANET was gradually shut down (its last node was turned off in 1989 NSF took over responsibility from DOD for providing long-haul connectivity in the US

References DARPA Home Page Internet Pioneers http://www.darpa.mil http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/index.html