Pump-Up Which of the following was not a Cold War crisis during Kennedy’s Administration? A full-scale uprising against Communism in Hungary The building of the Berlin Wall Soviet missiles based in Cuba and American missiles based in Turkey The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba

Civil Rights Movement

Today’s Vocabulary Brown v. Board of Education Ended segregation in public schools. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Ended segregation in public facilities and in employment. 24th Amendment Banned poll taxes.

Prior to the Civil Rights Movement Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Separate but equal. NAACP Sought to improve legal rights of African Americans. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Dedicated to nonviolent protest such as sit-ins.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Linda Brown and the NAACP sued b/c she had to go to the all black school across town rather than the white school right beside her house. Represented by Thurgood Marshall. Supreme Court decided that “separate but equal” was illegal in public schools and forced schools to desegregate. Gave African Americans the confidence they needed to challenge the entire system of segregation.

Montgomery Bus Boycott African Americans were forbidden from sitting in the front rows of buses. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat and was arrested. The bus boycott lasted for over a year. African Americans walked to work or participated in car pools. Supreme Court ruled in 1956 that segregation on buses was unconstitutional.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference Churches that worked together to end segregation. Organized protest and mobilized volunteers. Led by Martin Luther King Jr. Promoted nonviolent action.

Little Rock Nine The governor of Arkansas ordered the National Guard to keep 9 African American students out of a white school. The National Guard did not stop a mob from intimidating the students from attending school. President Eisenhower could not let states oppose federal legislation and sent 1,000 federal troops to protect the 9 students.

Sit-ins Sit-in movement began in Greensboro, NC at Woolworth’s Dinner. 4 college students tried to order coffee and were denied b/c of their race. Continued to show up day after day until they were served. Sit-ins were successful at promoting change. College students led most sit-ins. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

Freedom Riders Bus companies refused to desegregate facilities. College students planned a bus trip throughout the South where at each stop the riders would go into the whites-only waiting rooms and try to use facilities. Buses were bombed and riders beaten. No police protection.

James Meredith James Meredith tried to attend the University of Mississippi. Governor of Mississippi blocked his path. President Kennedy sends 500 federal marshals to protect Meredith. Thousands of protestors meet the marshals and violence erupts. Kennedy sends thousands of federal troops to protect Meredith.

Violence in Birmingham Many were upset that the gov’t only got involved in civil rights issues when the violence got out of hand. MLK knew that mass demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama would provoke a violent response. Americans watch and were outraged by the brutality and worried that the gov’t was losing control.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Kennedy pushed to end segregation. March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Largest civil rights demonstration. MLK’s “I have a Dream” speech. President Kennedy was assassinated but President Johnson also supported a civil rights bill. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned discrimination in employment and segregation in public facilities.

Gaining Voting Rights 24th Amendment Freedom Summer Banned poll taxes. College students who spent their summer in Mississippi registering African Americas to vote.

Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Selma March Voting Rights Act of 1965 Police blocked protestors way and attacked marchers. TV showed the violence. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Eliminated literacy tests and other methods used to keep African Americans from voting.

African Americans in the House of Representatives and Senate, 1961-2001

Expanding the Movement Civil Rights Movement turned to ending de facto segregation. Hoped to promote social and economic equality. Some became critical of MLK b/c he failed to improve the economic position of African Americans. Northern cities staged protest marches but gained little. President Johnson couldn’t dedicate more money to cleaning up the ghettos b/c of the Vietnam War.

Black Power Stokely Carmichael and the SNCC abandoned nonviolence and depend only upon African Americans to solve their own problems. Black Panther Party Called for violent revolutions as a means of African American liberation. Black Muslims Preached a message of black nationalism and self-reliance. Malcolm X.

Assassination of MLK MLK went to Memphis, TN to help African Americans who were on strike against discrimination in the workplace. Assassinated by James Earl Ray. Rioting erupted across the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1968 Banned discrimination in the sale/renting of housing. Did not achieve all of the objectives that MLK hoped for.

African Americans in Poverty

African Americans with College Degrees