ELI-Miniworkshop on Biological Imaging with Intense Ultra-Short x-Ray Pulses Guests from University Uppsala Group of Prof. Janos Hajdu (BMC) Janos Hajdu Nicusor Timneanu Jakob Andreasson Tomas Ekeberg Structural Biology Labs Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden http://xray.bmc.uu.se/ Pioneering work on imaging using -xrays

09:30 - 09:45 ELI Introduction, x-ray sources 15' Georg Korn (Fyzikální ústav AV ČR v.v.i.) 09:45 - 10:15 Imaging with Short Intense X-ray Pulses 30' Janos Hajdu (BMC) 10:15 - 10:35 Current challenges in Structural Biology, Introduction of Structural Biology Team at IOCB 20' Pavlina Rezacova (IOCB) 10:35 - 11:05 From Diffractive Imaging to Structure Reconstruction 30' Tomas Ekeberg (BMC) 11:05 - 11:20 coffee break 11:20 - 11:50 Science at the extremes - from high energy density to structural biology 30' Nicusor Timneanu (BMC) 11:50 - 12:20 Research-driven instrument development at the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics 30' Jakob Andreasson (BMC) 12:20 - 13:45 lunch break 13:45 - 14:15 X-ray Detection with the Timepix Detector 30' Jan Jakubek (UTEF) 14:15 - 14:45 Possible Molecular Biology Projects at ELI Beamlines 30' Bohdan Schneider (BIOCEV) 14:45 - 15:00 coffee break 15:00 - 15:30 ELI Experimental Station for Structural Dynamics of Biomolecules 30' Tomáš Polivka (IPB) 15:30 - 16:00 Influencing and probing biostructures at ELI Beamlines 30' Libor Juha (Fyzikální ústav AV ČR, v. v. i.)  

Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences, ELI-Miniworkshop on Biological Imaging with Intense Ultra-Short x-Ray Pulses Sources of Coherent and Incoherent Short X-rays Pulses Planned within ELI Georg Korn Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic korn@fzu.cz

ELI-Beamlines missions : fundamental and applied research - High-repetition rate and high average power lasers using diode-pumping - Ultra-high peak power of 10 PW, focused intensities up to 1024 Wcm-2 1. Generation of rep-rated femtosecond secondary sources of radiation and particles - XUV and X-ray sources (monochromatic and broadband) - Accelerated electrons (2 GeV 10 Hz rep-rate, 100 GeV low rep-rate), protons (200-400 MeV 10 Hz rep-rate, >3 GeV low-rep-rate), first step 60 MeV-eye surgery (eye melanoma treatment) - Gamma-ray sources (broadband) 2. Programmatic applications of rep-rated femtosecond secondary sources - Medical research including proton therapy - Molecular, biomedical and material sciences - Physics of dense plasmas, laser fusion, laboratory astrophysics 3. High-field physics experiments with focused intensities 1023-1024 Wcm-2 - “Exotic” physics, non-linear QED: sophisticated pump-probe capabilities 4. Development & testing new technologies for multi-PW laser systems - Generation and compression of 10-PW ultrashort pulses, coherent superposition, etc.

Research Programs ELI-beamlines

Detailed organization of the building Ground floor Laser systems

Plasma based x-ray lasers Laser-driven x-rays : several approaches K-alpha emission Harmonics (solid) Harmonics (gas) Probe laser Solid target Pump Laser K-alpha Prepulse X-rays from relativistic e-beams Plasma based x-ray lasers

Main limitations : tunability, polychromaticity, divergence K-alpha emission : easy and ultrafast x-ray source - Monochromatic - Fully divergent - Duration 100 fs - KHz rep. rate - Flux : 1e9 ph/shot Main limitations : tunability, polychromaticity, divergence

Rose-Petruck et al Nature 398, 310-312 (25 March 1999) K-alpha emission appropriate for pump-probe experiments with 100 fs time resolution Rose-Petruck et al Nature 398, 310-312 (25 March 1999)

Rousse et al. Nature 410 (6824) 65 (2001) K-alpha emission appropriate for pump-probe experiments with 100 fs time resolution Rousse et al. Nature 410 (6824) 65 (2001)

λ (nm) High-Order Harmonic Generation in Gases HHG based on laser-gas interaction at moderate intensities (1013-1014 W/cm2) Odd harmonics of the IR laser Short pulses (limited by the IR pulse duration) Collimated, coherent beam Tunability Cheap and convenient H19 H23 H25 H21 H27 H29 H31 λ (nm) H19 H23 H25 H21 H27 H29 H31 λ (nm) 11

H43 H23 H17 High order harmonics generation : spectra Neon at 19 nm 1.6 107 phot/harm/shot Efficiency :5 e-8 Argon at 34 nm 1010 phot/harm/shot Efficiency :3 e-5 Xenon at 46 nm 6 109 phot/harm/shot Efficiency : 7 e-6

High-Order Harmonic Generation in gases using two colors

Performances of HHG sources (gas) kHz, 1 mJ, Phase 1 kHz, 100 mJ, Phase 2 Wavelength 10 -60 nm Photons/shot 107 to 109 at 10 Hz few 1011 -1012 Δλ/λ 10-2 Divergence <1 mrad Spatial profil Gaussian-like Wavefront λ/10 Duration Sub fs Transverse coherence High Long. coherence OK Polarization Linear

Harmonics from solid target plasma, later stage

Spectral range Number of photons Pulse duration 20-70 eV (Al filter) ELI front end unit: 1 J, 5 fs , 10 Hz Focal spot ds = 10 μm IL=2.5x1020 W/cm2  aL~11 Spectral range Number of photons Pulse duration 20-70 eV (Al filter) ~7 *1015 84 as 80-200 eV (Zr filter) ~2*1014 38 as 400-1000 eV (Cu filter) ~2*1012 5 as Y. Nomura et al., Nature Phys. 5, 124 (2009) B. Dromey et al, Nature Phys. 2, 456 (2006) G. D. Tsakiris et al. New J. Phys. 8, 19(2006)

HHG from plasma mirror : at 1 to 10 PW

Seeded soft x-ray lasers : principle

Prospect on x-ray lasers using ELI Accessible with 1 PW Wavelength: 3 to 40 nm Energy: few 100 µJ Duration : 0.2 to 1 ps Diffraction limited Fully coherent Linearly polarized Accessible with 1 kHz pumping Wavelength: 1.3 to 40 nm Energy: few µJ Duration : 1 ps Diffraction limited Fully coherent Linearly polarized

Plasma wave acceleration : State of the art He gas jet Energy: up to 200 MeV Spectrum: Monochromatic or broadband Charge: up to a few 100s pC Divergence: a few mrad Duration: fs 50 TW laser mm Electron bunch Faure et al., Nature 2004, Mangles et al, Nature 2004, Geddes et al, Nature 2004 Caplilary Energy: up to 1 GeV Spectrum: Monochromatic Charge: up to a few 10s pC cm Leemans et al, Nature Phys, 2006 Spectrum: Monochromatic tunable Faure et al, Nature, 2006

We need relativistic electrons Moving charge radiation Radiated energy Velocity Acceleration Rc β . Electron We need relativistic electrons undergoing oscillations

Non-linear Thomson scattering Thomson Backscattering X-rays from relativistic e-beams : techniques Non-linear Thomson scattering Betatron radiation Thomson Backscattering Classical undulator

Extrapolation up to 10 PW, Betatron

X-ray Compton scattering NX,ωX Electron Laser a0,ω0 γ Modest electrons energies can produce high energy x-rays ωx=4γ2ω0 10 keV 100 keV 20 MeV 65 MeV The flux depends on the electron charge Ne and a02 Nx ∝ a02 x Ne

X-ray Compton scattering: “the easy method” Faisceau de rayonnement X jusqu’au MeV He gas jet 50 TW / 30 fs laser Foil, blade K. Ta Phuoc et al, Submitted, 2011

Beam profile Compton scattering x-rays Phosphor screen 50 TW / 30 fs laser CCD Compton scattering x-rays ● High energy x-ray beam. 18 mrad FWHM

Beam profile Compton scattering x-rays Bremsstrahlung background Phosphor screen 50 TW / 30 fs laser CCD Compton scattering x-rays ● High energy x-ray beam. 18 mrad FWHM He gas jet 50 microns Al filter Phosphor screen 50 TW / 30 fs laser CCD Bremsstrahlung background

Source features ● 108 photons / shot ● 1021 photons / s / mm2 / mrad2 ● Source size 1.5 microns ● few femtosecond duration

Peliminary implementation in E1 and E2 kHz E2 PW, 10 Hz

→ combine conventional and plasma acceleration at DESY basic setup M. Fuchs,…,F. Grüner, Nature Physics 5, 826 (2009) plasma stage undulator sub-cm period diagnostics/ applications high-intensity laser energy ~ J pulse length ~ 25 fs power: 100 TW → few PW magnetic lenses 500 T/m gradient key challenges for FEL: energy spread, charge, emittance → combine conventional and plasma acceleration at DESY

F. Grüner, ELI-workshop, Prague 2010 Towards laser driven XFEL F. Grüner, ELI-workshop, Prague 2010 layout from start-to-end simulations for a 5 keV-XFEL: 5 fs X-ray pulse length 2 GeV electrons, 1 nC charge ~ 1012 photons / shot peak brilliance ~ 1030 ph/(s mm² mrad² 0.1 % bw) needs few PW-laser → ELI!! Diagnostics of short bunches, Detector development In collaboration with DESY

Detailed organization of the building Ground floor Laser systems

user meeting next october 2012

CONCLUSION Conclusions ● variety of laser-driven short pulse x-ray sources with very different parameters will be available at ELI-beamlines ● A lot of things to be done using multi-beam, high rep. rate…. ● most promising sources for imaging laser driven LUX and X-FEL (molecular imaging, diffractive) Betatron (phase-contrast imaging) k-alpha (imaging and diffraction) ● Laser driven x-ray sources can be coupled to e-beam or proton beams for unique pump-probe experiments

ELI Beamlines facility schematic Laser system Exp areas

Technologies of rep-rate pump lasers for ELI-Beamlines / 1 L1: Thin disk pump technology Development carried out by MPQ/LMU/MBI ELI-Beamlines: cooperation on development of multipass-amps, development of 1.5 J / 1 kHz system

Helium cooling circuit Technologies of rep-rate pump lasers for ELI-Beamlines / 2 L2 & L3: Multislab technology using He gas cooling Development of cryogenic Yb:YAG amplifier technology at RAL/STFC essential for ELI-Beamlines Technology demonstrated at LLNL: 60 J/10 Hz Mercury laser ELI-Beamlines: cooperation on development of Yb:YAG technology Cryostat Transfer lines Amplifier head Helium cooling circuit Study of layout of a Yb:YAG 100 J system for ELI-Beamlines and HiLASE According to RAL/STFC (courtesy of K. Ertel and J. Collier)

Vibration analysis of the laser building Master structural model Monolithic structure (laser and experimental areas) Supporting technologies (air conditioning, vacuum pumps, etc.) & auxiliary laboratories Analysis of vibrations of the building has accounted for actual sources of vibration measured on the site Results yield amplitudes lower than one micron on the floor of laser & experimental halls

Target halls in the basement: radiology classification of areas Example of bulk shielding calculations: Experimental hall E6 (proton acceleration) µSv / 100 shots 10,000 1,000 500 100 25 12.5 4 2.5 0.5 Laser and ventilation duct penetrations, 0.5 m below roof

2-3 rooms dedicated to fs X-rays and applications

Electron acceleration (LWFA) with 250 J laser pulses

Towards laser driven XFEL, LUX beamline 2 GeV electrons, 5 keV, short and tunable x-ray pulses, Diagnostics of short bunchesDetector development In collaboration with DESY