JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL 1. 1819 - 1891 2. HARVARD POET 1. 1819 - 1891 2. HARVARD POET 3. THE VISION OF SIR LAUNFAL (1848)

ORDER DIPTERA (TRUE FLIES) 1. CONTAINS SOME 150,000 SPECIES IN WORLD, AND 21,000 SPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA 2. CLASSIFICATION INCLUDES PRIMITIVE AND MORE ADVANCED FAMILIES

HIGHER FLIES THAT FEED ON NITROGEN-FIXING MICROORGANISMS 1. FAMILY EPHYDRIDAE (SHORE FLIES) 2. FAMILY PLATYSTOMATIDAE (ROOT-NODULE FLIES) 3. FAMILY MICROPEZIDAE (STILT-LEGGED FLIES)

FAMILY EPHYDRIDAE (SHORE FLIES) 1. A LARGE, WIDELY DISTRIBUTED FAMILY, WITH SOME 500 SPECIES IN N. AMERICA 2. LARVAL FEEDING HABITS MANY ARE SCAVENGERS SEVERAL FEED ON ALGAE A FEW ARE LEAF MINERS A VERY FEW ARE PREDATORS A FEW FEED ON CYANOBACTERIA

CONSUMERS OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE TRIBE HYADININI HOST AXYSTA LYNGYBA HYADINA CYLINDROSPERMUM LYTOGASTER CYLINDROSPERMUM PELINA CYLINDROSPERMUM PELINOIDES UNKNOWN PSEUDOHYADINA UNKNOWN TRIBE PHILYGRIINI NOSTIMA OSCILLATORIA PHILYGRIA OSCILLATORIA

CYLINDROSPERMUM, A GENUS OF WET-SOIL HABITATS

LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA 1. LARVAE FEED ON SOIL-INHABITING CYLINDROPSERMUM 2. TYPICALLY, SEVERAL LARVAE FEED TOGETHER ON THE CYANOBACTERIUM

EGGS OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA

LARVA OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA

PHARYNGEAL RIDGES IN LARVA OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA

PELINA TRUNCATULA 1. LARVAE ATTACK CYLINDROSPERMUM IN MORE AQUATIC HABITATS 2. GENERALLY NOT IN SAME HABITATS AS LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA

LARVA OF PELINA TRUNCATULA

NOSTIMA APPROXIMATA 1. LARVAE FEED ON SPECIES OF OSCILLATORIA 2. FOUND MOST COMMONLY IN DRIER GRASSY HABITATS

NOSTIMA LARVAE FEEDING ON OSCILLATORIA

ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CYANOBACTERIA 1. IMPORTANT AGENTS OF NITROGEN-FIXATION IN AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL HABITATS 2. AN ABUNDANT FOOD SOURCE THAT IS HEAVILY DEFENDED

POSSIBLE DEFENSES IN CYANOBACTERIA 1. PRESENCE OF MUCILAGINOUS SHEATHS 2. NATURE OF STORED NUTRIENTS 3. FILAMENTOUS GROWTH FORM 4. PRESENCE OF DEFENSIVE CHEMICALS

EVIDENCE OF PROTECTIVE ROLE OF DEFENSIVE CHEMICALS IN BLUE-GREEN ALGAE 1. NO PARASITOID WASPS HAVE BEEN REARED FROM HUNDREDS OF FIELD-COLLECTED LARVAE OR PUPARIA OF LYTOGASTER EXCAVATA 2. NO PREDATION BY BEETLE LARVAE HAS BEEN OBSERVED

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CYANOBACTERIA 1. SOURCE OF NATURAL FOOD ADDITIVES (E. G., SPIRULINA) 2. POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL SOURCE OF HYDROGEN (E. G., OSCILLATORIA) FOR FUEL CELLS

FAMILY PLATYSTOMATIDAE (ROOT-NODULE FLIES) 1. A VERY LARGE FAMILY IN THE OLD WORLD TROPICS AND IN THE ORIENT 2. NOT WELL DEVELOPED IN THE NEW WORLD 3. ONLY 41 N. AMERICAN SPECIES

THE GENUS RIVELLIA 3. LARVAE ATTACK NITROGEN-FIXING NODULES OF LEGUMES 4. SOME SPECIES HAVE SHIFTED TO AGRICULTURALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS (E.G., SOYBEAN)

RIVELLIA MELLIGINIS

ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA (BLACK LOCUST)

AMPHICARPAEA BRACTEATA (HOG PEANUT)

DESMODIUM PANICULATUM (STICKTIGHT)

APIOS AMERICANA (GROUND NUT)

NODULES IN APIOS

RIVELLIA LARVA FEEDING ON NODULE

FEEDING HOLE IN ROOT NODULES

OVERWINTERING LARVAE OF RIVELLIA

AGRICULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT SPECIES OF LEGUMES 1. RED CLOVER 6. BEANS 2. WHITE CLOVER 7. PEAS 3. ALFALFA (8. KUDZU) 4. SOYBEAN 5. PEANUT

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE (RED CLOVER)

TRIFOLIUM (WHITE CLOVER

ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA)

SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX)

PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA)

RIVELLIA IS SHIFTING TO ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS 1. SHIFT FROM NATIVE VIGNA LUTEOLA TO INTRODUCED V. UNGUICULATA (BLACK-EYED PEA) 2. SHIFT OF R. QUADRIFASCIATA FROM NATIVE DESMODIUM TO SOYBEAN 3. AN INTRODUCED SPECIES NOW IN EASTERN CANADA ATTACKS MANY LEGUMES IN EUROPE

FAMILY MICROPEZIDAE (STILT-LEGGED FLIES) 1. FAMILY IS LARGELY TROPICAL IN DISTRIBUTION, WITH SOME 33 SPECIES IN NORTH AMERICA. 2. LARVAE OF MOST SPECIES ARE SCAVENGERS

A LOCAL SPECIES OF MICROPEZIDAE

THE GENUS MICROPEZA 1. LARVAE ATTACK ROOT NODULES OF LEGUMES 2. ONLY 17 SPECIES OF MICROPEZA IN NORTH AMERICA, BUT SOME 46 SPECIES IN THE NEW WORLD TROPICS.

MICROPEZA SETIVENTRIS

MICROPEZA VS. RIVELLIA 3. SHOWS INTERESTING RELATIONSHIP WITH THE GENUS RIVELLIA (PLATYSTOMATIDAE) RIVELLIA MOSTLY IN THE EASTERN STATES MICROPEZA MOSTLY IN THE WESTERN STATES RIVELLIA RARE IN NEW WORLD TROPICS, WHEREAS MICROPEZA IS ABUNDANT THERE

MICROPEZA VS. RIVELLIA RIVELLIA IS POORLY REPRESENTED IN NEW WORLD TROPICS MICROPEZA IS ABUNDANT IN NEW WORLD TROPICS LARVAE MAY ATTACK TROPICAL TREE LEGUMES

DISTRIBUTION OF MICROPEZA SETIVENTRIS

GLYCYRRHIZA LEPIDOTA (WILD LICORICE)

MAN’S VIEW OF INSECTS