DO NOW Get out your homework Turn in Animal Population Survey & Population Ecology Practice Explain the difference between a population and a community. 2. What type of graph is shown? What type of organisms have this type of growth?

Community Interactions

Predator-Prey (Predation) One organism benefits and the other is killed. It occurs rapidly and prey is typically killed.

Example: Snake and Frog

“Tricks” for catching Prey or avoiding Predation Camouflage

Mimicry

Living stone

Orchid & bee

Hognose mimics cobra

dead

Aggressive mimicry Preying mantis

Both are harmed in the relationship Competition Two organisms use the same space and resources at the same time; have to fight. Both are harmed in the relationship

Example: Kudzu and Native Plants Kudzu was introduced to the United States in 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, PA. It “out competes” other native plants so they don’t have a place to grow.

Both organisms benefit from their relationship. Mutualism Both organisms benefit from their relationship.

Example: Cleaner shrimp and other Fish These shrimp set up large cleaning stations on the reef where fish will come to have parasites picked from their skin. The shrimp gets a constant food source and the fish (eel in this case) gets rid of potentially dangerous parasites

Cleaner Shrimp and Grouper

One organism benefits and other is neither harmed nor benefited. Commensalism One organism benefits and other is neither harmed nor benefited.

Example: Shark and Remora The remora benefits by getting food from the shark’s meal. There is no apparent benefit to the shark.

Remora without its shark Note the sucker on the head of the remora (or suckerfish)

Parasitism One individual benefits and the other is harmed. Parasites rarely kill their hosts because to do so would ultimately harm the parasite!

Example: Tick and Host

Roles

Niche The role & position a species has in it environment. Includes all interactions with biotic and abiotic factors.

Fundamental Niche Realized Niche conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself.

Generalists & Specialists thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources. thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet.

Competitive Exclusion Two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot coexist. Protozoans grown separately & together

Niche Differentiation AKA: Niche Partitioning or resource partitioning Competing species use the niche differently, helps them coexist

Keystone Species* A species on which other species largely depend. If removed, ecosystem changes drastically

How well do you understand community interactions?

Clownfish and Anemone The clownfish gets protection from the anemone and in return protects the anemone from fish that would eat it (angelfish); the clownfish also keeps the anemone free of dirt and debris.

Mutualism

Cheetah and Antelope

Predator-Prey

Aphids feed on the sap of the plant they are on. Aphid and Ant Aphids feed on the sap of the plant they are on. Ants use their antennae to stimulate the aphids and cause them to excrete from their abdomen a substance called honeydew which is rich in the nutrients ants require. Ants, in return for the honeydew, protect the aphids from predators such as flies, wasps, and beetles.

Mutualism

Pollination Plants provide nectar to attract pollinators; Nectar is food; Pollinators pick up sperm and transfer it to another plant. pollen

Mutualism

There is no apparent benefit to the cow. Egret and Cattle The cattle stir up grasshoppers and other insects that the egret likes to eat. There is no apparent benefit to the cow.

Commensalism

Wasp and Hornworm Larva Adult wasps insert their eggs beneath the skin of the hornworm larva. The eggs hatch and the young feed hornworm until they form a pupa. The worm is killed.

Parasitism

The spider is eating an insect that it has trapped. Spider and Insect The spider is eating an insect that it has trapped.

Predator-Prey

Eagle and Fish

Predator-Prey

The whale does not “appear” to be harmed. Whale and Barnacle The barnacle larvae swim around, attach to the whale. This habitat is a good one for providing food. The whale does not “appear” to be harmed.

Commensalism

Ants and Acacia Trees Ants hollow out the large thorns of the plant for nests and feed on sweet secretions from the base of each leaf. The ants in return protect the trees from herbivores that would eat the leaves.

Mutualism

Mistletoe lives off the branches and stems of other trees. Mistletoe and Plants Mistletoe lives off the branches and stems of other trees. It can photo- synthesize a little but not enough to meet its needs. The tree can be very harmed.

Parasitism

OxPecker Bird and Hoofed Mammal The oxpecker eats parasites on the mammal which is food for the bird and removal of danger for the mammal

More Ox (?) peckers

Another ox(?)pecker

Mutualism