Aws Alshamsan College of Pharmacy King Saud University Drug Abuse in Sports Aws Alshamsan College of Pharmacy King Saud University

Drug Abuse in Sports The history of taking drugs to improve performance dates back to World War II when German soldiers were given steroids to increase their strength and aggression.

By purpose Accidentally Self-Administration Quacks Athletes take drugs By purpose Accidentally Self-Administration Quacks Couch Advice Doctors Paramed

Thus there are special agencies control drug abuse in sports like World Anti-Doping Agency, which cooperate with other organizations fight against doping like International Olympic Committee.

Examples of Athletes using drugs Ben Johnson: The American 100-meter gold medal winner was disqualified in Seoul Olympics 1988 due to Stanozolol abuse. Then lifetime ban in 1993 due to Testosterone abuse.

Examples of Athletes using drugs Ronnie O'Sullivan: The British snooker player has forfeited prize money of $100,000 after a positive test for cannabis.

Examples of Athletes using drugs Dieter Binus: Accused of causing bodily harm to female East German swimmers by giving them anabolic steroids.

Narcotics & Analgesics CNS Stimulants Diuretics Narcotics & Analgesics Banned Categories Hormones Anabolic Steroids Beta-Blockers

Restricted Substances 1)   Local anesthetics: May be used where medically justified; details of the diagnosis, dosage and route of administration must be submitted in writing to the IOC Medical Commission.   2)   Corticosteroids: May be used therapeutically, but again under strict medical control. 3)   Alcohol & Marijuana: Prohibited only during the competition.

Other Practices 1) Blood Doping: a.    Remove 1 L of athlete’s own blood, store it then re-infuse 1 wk before competition. b.   Infuse blood from a donor. c.    Inject Erythropoetin.   Danger:   - Incorrect storage of blood cause viral or bacterial infections. - Re-injection will increase blood viscosity.        - Sharing of needles. 2)   Carbohydrate loading.

DRUG TESTING IN SPORT In 1968 the IOC Medical Commission published the "Requirements for Accreditation and Good Laboratory Practices", designed to harmonize and standardize the analytical procedures used for sports drug testing.

DRUG TESTING IN SPORT In order to accredit a Lab. it must undergoes: 1.   Accreditation process. 2.   Re-accreditation process annually. 3.   Proficiency test every four months. Random checks.

DRUG TESTING IN SPORT The laboratory must adhere to Good Laboratory Practice standards, and a representative of the IOC Medical Commission must present in the lab. to oversee the work. A single false positive result is sufficient for the lab to lose its accredited status, while a false negative will mean suspension of accreditation until the reasons for the mistaken result have been clarified.

Sample Handling and Security Athlete must be under supervision Providing the sample Code labeled sample A B Transport to the lab. under secure conditions Test Store -ve +ve Conformation By another chemist and in the presence of the athlete and a representative of the sport’s organizing authority.

Analytical Methods The analysis is qualitative rather than quantitative except for Testosterone, Caffeine and some substances where the abuse is prohibited rather than the use. The detection of metabolites may be needed.

Capillary column for gas chromatography + mass selective detector (MSD) For separation of steroids then MSD can perform an automatic quantitative comparison of testosterone and epi-testosterone (must not exceed 6:1 ratio unless it is proved physiological or pathological conition).

Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry GC/MS The primary analytical technique used in all drug testing laboratories. Used for quantification of substances like Testosterone, Caffeine and Ephedrine.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) For Corticosteroids we use HPLC in conjunction to mass spectrometer and particle beam interface. HPLC is also used as a part of testing procedure for Diuretics.

Immunoaffinity chromatography Using receptors specific to target compounds within the column. THANK YOU