1. Independent Variable? ___________________

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1. Independent Variable? ___________________ Students at DHS wanted to test if paper weight affects the distance paper airplanes fly. The same type of paper airplanes were folded from three different weight papers. The planes were thrown in the mall area to measure the distance they would fly. What are the following variables? Weight of paper 1. Independent Variable? ___________________ 2. Dependent Variable? ____________________ Distance the plane flew

1. Independent Variable? ___________________ A group of students was asked to compare the taste of lemonade. One glass was from a pitcher made with one cup of sugar. The second glass was made from a pitcher with two cups of sugar. Both pitchers used the same amount of water, lemon juice, and ice. What are the following variables? Amount of Sugar 1. Independent Variable? ___________________ 2. Dependent Variable? ____________________ Taste

Squidward loves playing his clarinet and believes it attracts more jellyfish than any other instrument he has played. In order to test his hypothesis, Squidward played a song on 3 instruments for a total of 5 minutes and counted the number of jellyfish he saw in his front yard. He also recorded the number of jellyfish he observed when he was not playing an instrument. 3 trials with no music 1. What is the control group? _____________________________ 2. What is the independent variable? _______________________ 3. What is the dependent variable? ________________________ Instrument Number of jellyfish

Observations vs. Inferences Tools & Procedures What Scientists Do Observations vs. Inferences Tools & Procedures

Observations vs. Inferences Scientists use observations to gather data (using the 5 senses). Scientists use known data to make inferences (a logical interpretation of the data based on past experiences).

There are 2 doors. Observation Inference

They’re fighting, because someone ate their cookies. Observation Inference

They’re hitting each other hard. Observation Inference

Let’s test your observation skills. Take a good look at this picture:

Are there cars parked on the side of the road? What color is the pickup truck driving in the road? Are there any minivans around? What does the blue sign say? What’s the speed limit? Are there pedestrians on the road?

How many did you get correct? Yes Blue Yard Sale 35 mph No

Observations vs. Inferences During labs, record your observations not your inferences. Your inferences may be used when writing your conclusion. Your observations can be qualitative or quantitative. The petals are pink. The flower has 5 petals.

Making Observations & Collecting Data Biologists use metric measurements (the SI system) to gather & interpret data.

Some Metric Units used in Biology

The Metric System The metric system is the universal measurement system based on the number 10. The meter is the distance value. The gram is the mass value. The liter is the volume value.

Conversions If you want to change a larger unit into a smaller unit, move the decimal point to the right. If you want to change a smaller unit to a larger unit, move the decimal point to the left. 100 g = _____ kg 0.0074 kL = _____ L .1 7.4

Scientific Notation Used to make very large or very small numbers easier to read Numbers that are very small have negative exponents. Numbers that are very large have positive exponents.

Scientific Notation The goal is to have a single non-zero number (1-9) to the left of the decimal & the exponent at the end tells you how many decimal places over & in which direction you would move to get to the original number.

Scientific Notation It is really only useful if it will make the number shorter. If the number does not have several zeros in front or behind the number taking up space, SN will only make the number longer. Keep this in mind when converting.

Scientific Notation 0.0000000001 kg is easier to read as 1.0 x 10-10 kg 1094600000 cm is easier to read as 1.0946 x 109 cm 1980084600000 g = _____________________ 0.00034568 cm = _______________________ 14698 g = _____________________________ 1.9800846 x 1012 3.4568 x 10-4 14698

Graphing How a scientist shows patterns in data Several types of graphs – not all of them useful for data communication Line Graphs Bar Graphs Pie Chart

Graphing Line Graph: compares 2 things in which items on 1 axis affect the items on the other axis If you’re comparing anything to time, it is usually a line graph. Example: amount of CO2 in the atmosphere over the last 6 decades

Graphing Bar Graph: compares 2 or more values Example: number of students with red hair in each class

Graphing Pie Chart: effective in showing proportions or percentages of a whole thing Example: comparing the percentage vote that each candidate received in an election

Graphing Always draw lines with a ruler, use pencil, & use colored pencils when necessary. Graphs must include: Title: tell what you are comparing or displaying X-axis: label & give scale Y-axis: label & give scale Key: give meanings of symbols & colors used Data points: clearly marked & label them if there are no grid lines

Tools Used to Collect Data & Make Observations

Microscopes Biologists use microscopes to see living things that are too small for the unaided eye. 2 basic types: Light Microscopes Electron Microscopes

Light Microscopes Produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays Magnifies up to 1000x

Electron Microscopes Produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons Used to magnify tens & hundreds of thousands of times for extremely small objects like viruses

The hair on the leg of a fly (magnified by a factor of 1000) Electron Microscopes Salt crystals on the antennae of an insect (magnified by a factor of 5000) The hair on the leg of a fly (magnified by a factor of 1000)

Other Techniques & Tools Cell Cultures: in order to study cells under a controlled condition, a biologist can take a single cell & place it in a Petri dish with nutrient solution to help the cell regenerate & fill the whole dish! This cell culture can be used to isolate a single type of cell, or study interactions between cells & chemicals!

Other Techniques & Tools Cell Fractionation: in order to study a single part of a cell, the cells can be lysed (burst open) & the broken cells can be added to a liquid & placed in a tube. This tube can be placed in a centrifuge, which spins the tubes at high speeds. This causes cell parts to settle at different levels based on their density.

Other Techniques & Tools Autoclave: in order to sterilize tools & kill anything a scientist may have been growing to test The large steel machine uses heat & pressure to raise the temperature to a temperature in which no bacteria, viruses, or spore can survive.