Chapter 5 Bushra al-mohamedi 201100460 Mona al-sulaim 201102029 Madawi al-kadi 201101985 Norah al-gosaibi 201002004 Danah al-shuaib 201100783 Rawan AL-Othman 201000846

Chapter 5 Planning Drafting your report Revising your organization and argument Communication evidence visually Introduction and conclusions Revising style: telling your story clearly

Planning Introduction Methods and materials Results Discussion conclusion

Avoid Three Common But Flawed Plans Do not organize your report as a narrative of your thinking Do not assemble your report as a patch work of your sources Do not map your report directly on to language of your assignment

Planning Your Report At the top the first page of your storyboard, sketch a brief summary of only the key points in only those source most relevant to your argument After your summary of sources, rephrase your questions as a statement about a flaw or gap that see in them Sketch an answer to so what if we don’t find out? State the answer to your questions as your point, or promise an answer in a launching point

Plan The Body Of Your Report Sketch background and define terms Create a page for each major sections of your report Find a suitable order Part by part Short to long, simple to complex Less contestable More important to less important Earlier understanding to prepare for later understanding General analysis followed by specific applications

Plan each section and subsection Highlight the key term in each section and subsection Indicate where to put evidence, acknowledgment, warrants, and summaries

Sketch a working conclusion

Draft in a way that feels comfortable Draft in any way that works for your, by choosing either Write continuously even if a part is missing put ( ? ) then complete later Write only slowly and carefully Use key words to keep yourself on track keep your key ideas in front of you to review from time to time Use the unique words as headings for sections.

Quote, paraphrase, and summarize appropriately build your report out of your own words and thoughts Summarize less important details. Paraphrase when a source says more clearly or concisely Integrating direct quotations into your text The words themselves are evidence to yourreasons. If the words are from an authentic author. The words directly express your key concepts. Use quotation marks Mix the quotation’s grammar into your sentences.

Cite a source’s ideas which are different to yours. Show readers how evidence is relevant Introduce every evidence with a sentence to explain it. Don’t make readers think you are plagiarizing. Guard against inadvertent plagiarism Mark every quotation Don’t paraphrase too closely Cite a source’s ideas which are different to yours. Don’t Plead Ignorance, Misunderstanding

The social importance of citing sources Citations protect you from a charge of plagiarism Citations Help Your Readers Citations Honor Your Sources Four common citation styles MLA style: Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed.(New York: Modern Language Association, 2003). APA style: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (Washington,DC: American Psychological Association, 2001). Work through procrastination and writer’s block Start from the ideas which you are not sure about.

Revising Your Organization and Argument plan The report is clear for the reader Not just the writer. The reader is understating and thinking

The plan 1.Think like a reader 2.Revise the frame 3.Revise your argument 4.Revise The organization 5.Cheack your paragraphs 6.parahrase

Understand How Readers Read Read like a reader Think like a reader Understand How Readers Read Read like a reader ( overall organization, parts, Clarity of sentence, and spelling )

2.Revise the frame of your report Where the introduction stops and where the conclusion begins. Space Heading Where the sentence that states the main point State the main point in the introduction, then restate it in the conclusion but with more specification

3- Revise Your Argument Evidence + Explanation = 1/3 of a section. Evidence are clear and connected to your claim

Revising The Organization of The Report Key Terms Clear Beginnings Relation Between Sections Type of Relation Between Sections The Placement of Each Section Terms For Each Section Revising The Organization of The Report

5. Check Your Paragraphs Paragraphs Are Related To The Point Length of Each Paragraph The Order of Organizing The Paragraphs

Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It.

Communicating evidence visually

Main point choosing visual or verbal representation choosing the most effective graphic designing tables, charts and graphs specific guidelines for table, charts and graphs communicating data ethically

choose visual or verbal representation: Simple information: Sentence: in 1996, on average, men earned 32,144$ a year, women 23,144$ a year, a differences of 8,434$ man 32,144 women 23,710 differences 8,434

If you present more than a few numbers: Complex information : EU internet use by age in 2005

Choosing the most effective graphic: Table: seem precise and objective. It emphasize discrete numbers and require readers to infer relationship. Charts and line graphs: present a visual image that communicate values less precisely than do the exact numbers of a table but with more impact.

Point to consider: Point to consider: When we choose the form we suppose to look for the one which achieve the effect you want not the one that comes to mind first. So there's many choices you should consider depends on your experience. But if you are new to quantitative research, limit your choices to basic tables, bar charts and line graphs.

Designing tables, chart, and graphs with specific guidelines: a) table : Insert information that best help the reader. Order of the rows and columns. b) Bar chart: visual impact relevant data c)Line graph: Keep it simple Don’t Shade the background.

How your graphic suppose it to be ? Communicating data ethically: How your graphic suppose it to be ?

Introductions and conclusions   INTRODUCTIONS: a) The common structure of introductions: the common structure consists of three steps: 1- establish common ground: Establish shared understanding --- disrupt it with a problem

EXAMPLE 1 : We have investigated environmental threats, our understanding of chemical processes in acid rain and the buildup of carbon dioxide has improved, allowing us to understand better their effects on the biosphere. But recently the processes that thin the ozone layer have been found to be less well understood than once thought. We may have labeled hydro fluorocarbons as the chief cause incorrectly.

2- state your problem: You can state your problem in two ways: 1- directly: But recently the processes that thin the ozone layer have been found to be less well understood than once thought. 2- indirect quistion The real question is ………

statement of research problem has two parts: 1)Condition of incomplete understanding or knowledge. (directly-questions) 2)Consequences of that condition (more significant gap in understanding)

State your response: you can state your main point in two ways: 1)state the gist of your solution: the main point can be stated clearly at the end of your introduction. Eg: we have found that ……… 2)Promise a solution: you can delay your main point to the conclusion by including a promise to have one to come. Eg: In this report we describe a hitherto unexpected chemical bonding between ……

b) Setting the right pace for your introduction Decide how quickly to raise your problem, depending on how much your reader know.

In summary: A full introduction consists of three elements context + problem + response If the problem is well known, exclude the common ground. If the consequences of the problem are well known, exclude them.

Start with your main point : repeat it but not word-for-word. CONCLUSIONS: you can write your conclusion using the same elements in your introduction, IN REVERSE ORDER. Start with your main point : repeat it but not word-for-word. Add a new significance or application: just as an additional possible implication of your solution. Call for more research: what more do you suggest the reader to search and look for?

Finding words of conclusion: Open with a striking fact relevant to your problem. Quotation Anecdote. Finding your last few words

Revising style: Telling Your Story Clearly Readers will accept your claim only if they understand your argument, but they won’t understand your argument if they can’t understand your sentences.

Judging Style. The First Two Principles of clear Writing. A Third Principle: Old before New. Choosing between Active and Passive A Final Principle: Complexity Last Spit and Polish.

Thank you for listening