Leadership Adoption Governance & Cloud Computing in Education Karl Donert, Director: Innovative Learning Network Ltd. kdonert@yahoo.com Geospatial activity is booming in Europe. In many countries, demand for a geospatial workforce is not being met by supply. Central administration (the European Commission and Ministries of Education) seem largely unaware of the problems being faced by the industry. Connecting stakeholders is essential for the future. This presentation reports on initiatives to support and enhance geospatial education in different education sectors. It suggests the role and importance of networking and developing a strong lobby for geospatial education for all and sets out goals for those working in the geospatial sector to consider when attempting to redress the situation. School on the Cloud WG1 meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, January 9-10 2016

Leadership versus Management Innovate Ask what and why Do the right thing Are not afraid to engage conflict and work through it to accomplish change Initiate transformations, endings, transitions, new beginnings Managers: Implement Ask how and when Do things right View conflict as counter-productive and prefer cooperation to accomplish procedures Maintain order, consistency, harmony

D2.2 Core Themes Disruptive technology Adoption Governance – policy in Europe Governance – national policy Change management in institutions Roles – government, CC industry, professional bodies, education (schools, universities etc.)

Disruptive Technology EU Cloud Computing expected to continue to grow in 2015 $8.2 billion in Cloud services 42% of enterprises not using Cloud Computing services reported insufficient knowledge The Cloud Is Coming—and It Really Is Important (Educause, 2015) Low – Middle – High Clouds

Disruptive Technology Cloud Computing assists organisations Cloud computing is disruptive (Sultan & Sultan, 2008) Dynamic situation – caused by new technology Disruptive innovation (Christensen, 1997)

Disruptive innovation (Christensen, 1997)

Disruptive Technology Cloud Computing assists organisations Cloud computing is disruptive (Sultan & Sultan, 2008) Dynamic situation – caused by new technology Disruptive innovation (Christensen, 1997) Two types of disruptive innovations: new market and low-end disruptions

Disruptive Technology New market – innovative (new) product attracts customers because it is simpler / cheaper / better than before (iPad) Low-end disruption – adapt a product to influence the low (value) end of the original business attracting customers to choose their product (Easyjet)

Disruptive Technology Growth by making it easier for organisations to use a product (eBay, Apple computer) Disrupts processes, enabling other actions Cloud adoption supports this theory – it is an enabler E.g. Web 2.0 tools now open and transparent can be used by anyone

Adoption (Oliviera et al., 2014) How are decisions made? Who makes them? Two theories commonly considered: DoI (Diffusion of Innovation) theory TOE (Technology – Organization - Environment) Framework Oliveira, T., Thomas, M. and Espadanal, M., (2014). Assessing the determinants of cloud computing adoption: An analysis of the manufacturing and services sectors. Information & Management, 51(5), 497-510

Diffusion of Innovation DOI proposes five attributes to explain how innovations are adopted: relative advantage, better than before compatibility, easy to assimilate in existing processes, practices, and value systems complexity, how difficult it is to use observability, how visible it is to others and trialability, easy to try out, experiment with

Diffusion of Innovation Innovation is a process of communication (Rogers, 2003) – which channels, what system? Factors are: individual (leadership attitude toward change), internal organizational structure (centralization, complexity, interconnectedness, the number of employees, and organizational slack), and external characteristics (system openness) of the organization

Diffusion of Innovation

TOE Framework Three contexts: technology, organization, and environment Technology - internal and external technology relevant to the organization and the technologies that are available for possible adoption. Organization – characteristics (i.e., organizational structure, size, managerial structure, degree of centralization), resources (human and slack resources), and the process of communication (formal and informal) among employees Environment comprises market elements, competitors, and regulations

TOE Framework (Oliveira et al, 2014) Technology - technological readiness of the organisation Organisational - top management support and organisation size Environment - competitive pressure and regulatory support Oliveira, T., Thomas, M. and Espadanal, M., (2014). Assessing the determinants of cloud computing adoption: An analysis of the manufacturing and services sectors. Information & Management, 51(5), 497-510.

TOE Framework

Higher Education Study (Alharthi et al., 2015) not easy to convince decision makers in higher education to shift from one pattern to another users’ (academics and top management) perceptions and acceptance had an effect on adoption of Cloud Computing within institutions Alharthi, A., Yahya, F., Walters, R.J. and Wills, G., 2015. An overview of cloud services adoption challenges in higher education institutions, http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/377854/1/ESaaSA_2015_12_CR.pdf

Higher Education (Alharthi et al., 2015) Adoption model proposed Alharthi, A., Yahya, F., Walters, R.J. and Wills, G., 2015. An overview of cloud services adoption challenges in higher education institutions, http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/377854/1/ESaaSA_2015_12_CR.pdf

Strategies needed important to recognize the risks associated with these technologies but should help “create a strategy that allows organizations to better manage and mitigate these risks” (Paquette et al., 2010, p 248) …. Paquette, S., Jaeger, PT, Wilson and SC (2010), Identifying the security risks associated with governmental use of Cloud Computing. Government Information Quarterly,(27: 3), 245–25

What Policy Needs? What are the policy needs for education? Take the survey: https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/P9YZWMM

What Policy Needs? What are the policy needs for education? Take the survey: https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/P9YZWMM Let’s discuss what recommendations we should make ….. at policy level for education

Karl Donert www.innovativelearning.co.uk kdonert@yahoo.com @karldonert