Cell Growth and Division

Purpose of the cell cycle which includes the mitosis: -To produce new and identical body cells with identical copies of DNA. -Example: 1 skin cell will divide into 2 new and identical skin cells -All human body cells contain : 46 chromosomes or pieces of DNA -23 from your mom -23 from your dad

Mitosis produces body cells known as 2N or diploid cells. Known as 2N or diploid because they contain 2 of every chromosome in each cell. -one of each from your mother -one of each from your dad

When a sperm with 23 chromosomes (1N) fertilizes an egg with 23 chromosomes (1N) it produces the first body cell, called the 2N zygote which has a total of 46 chromosomes.

1 N egg is fertilized by a 1N sperm creating a 2N zygote or body cell. Fertilization: 1N sperm unites with 1N egg creating a 2N zygote.

Twin Formation Identical twins: -1 sperm and 1 egg unit forming one zygote. -Zygote goes through mitosis creating two identical cells. -The two identical cells split apart and both form into a fetus/baby. -Babies must be of the same sex.

Fraternal twins: -2 separate sperm fertilize 2 separate eggs forming two separate zygotes. -Each zygote goes through mitosis creating 2 separate babies. -The two babies may be the same sex or of opposite sex.

DNA -DNA is our genetic code -we inherit our DNA from our parents -DNA has the code for making all of our proteins which determine our traits.

Examples of human traits

DNA is located in the nucleus of every cell in a relaxed, uncondensed form known as chromatin. 2. DNA supercoils into chromatids the loops of tightly coiled DNA of a chromosome.

Chromosome: -1 piece of DNA Gene: -1 segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein. Allele: -a specific form of a gene

Allele: A specific form of a gene Each trait has 2 possible forms Dominant form or allele: The overpowering form of a gene Represented by a capital letter Recessive form or allele: The weaker form of a gene Represented by a lower case letter

2 alleles combine to determine a trait. 1 allele/gene from the sperm 1 allele/gene from the egg

Genetics: The study of heredity Heredity: How traits are passed down generation to generation History of Genetics: -Gregor Mendel is known as the father of Genetics -1850’s -Was an Austrian Monk -Studied mathematics and botany at the University of Vienna -Used both of these areas of study to analyze genetic crosses using pea plants

Pea Plants

Genetic terms you must know:

A physical trait that you can see Examples: Red hair, blue eyes, etc… Phenotype: A physical trait that you can see Examples: Red hair, blue eyes, etc… Genotype: The genetic make up /gene or allele combination Three types of genotypes: BB….. Homozygous dominant Bb…… Heterozygous bb……. Homozygous recessive

Law of Dominance Anytime a dominant allele is present the dominant trait will be seen, it overpowers the recessive allele.

Black fur is dominant ………… B White fur is recessive………… b Example: Black fur is dominant ………… B White fur is recessive………… b B b B B b b Bb BB b B bb

Time to revisit our famous creature the CHNOPS from its conception……

Should This Dog Be Called Spot??? Trait Dominant Gene Recessive Gene Hair length Short (L) Long (l) Hair texture Wiry (T) Silky (t) Hair Curliness Curly (H) Straight (h) Coat Pattern Spotted (A) Solid (a)

Punnett Squares: used to determine the mathematical chance of inheriting certain traits.

Let us review: Purpose of the cell cycle which includes the mitosis: To produce new and identical body cells with identical copies of DNA. -Example: 1 skin cell will divide into 2 new and identical skin cells

One cell cycle is made up of: Interphase Period of rest and prep for Upcoming division 2. Mitosis: Nucleus divides Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 3. Cytokinesis: Cell divides In humans this process takes place once in every about 20 hours In bacteria this process takes place once in every 20 minutes

DNA Replicates Cell divides in half

Key terms: Chromosomes: individual pieces of DNA Chromatin: loosely coiled DNA in nucleus Chromatid: The loops of DNA that are formed when it has gone through supercoiling Unreplicated chromosome: One single loop of a chromosome Replicated chromosomes: Two identical loops of a chromosome, Sister Chromatids: The two identical loops of a chromosome, are identical due to DNA replication.

Centromere: -center of the chromosomes, holds the two loops of DNA together. Nucleus: -organelle within a cell that contains the DNA Nucleolus: -organelle within the nucleus that makes ribosomes. Centrioles: -organelles only found in cells that aid in cell division.

Interphase 1st phase of the cell cycle, longest phase, takes up 18 out of the 20 hours Three major things happen: 1. Cell grows and matures from a daughter cell into a parent cell. 2. DNA is replicates 3. New and needed organelles are formed so when a cell divides it has all the needed cell structures to survive and function.

During interphase the DNA is in a loosely coiled, in the form of chromatin. -Two pairs of centrioles are present outside the nucleus.

Mitosis -2nd phase of the cell cycle -Occurs in 3 subphases -takes up about 2 of the 20 hours to complete this section.

Prophase A. First phase of mitosis. B. Sets the stage for the rest of cell division.

Early prophase

1. Nucleus and nucleolus breakdown into their components of proteins, lipids and carbs. 2. Chromatin supercoils into chromatids. 3. Centrioles pairs split apart and move to opposite sides of the cell/the poles. 4. Centrioles stretch spindle fibers/microtubules across the cell.

Late prophase

Metaphase A. Second phase of mitosis 1. Replicated chromosomes move to the middle/equator of the cell. - 2. Each chromosome attaches to its own spindle fiber using the centromere.

Metaphase

Anaphase A. Third phase of mitosis B. Replicated chromosomes split apart and move away to opposite poles. ASTERS Sister chromatids split apart from each other. One single, unreplicated copy of the chromosome is at each pole. Spindle fibers break down.

Anaphase

Telophase A. Final phase of mitosis B. Exact opposite of prophase. 1. A nucleus reappears around each set of chromosomes at the poles 2. A nucleolus reappears in each nucleus. - 3. Chromatid uncoils into chromatin.

Telophase

Cytokinesis A. Final phase of the cell cycle One cell divides into two new identical daughter cells. Animal cells: Cell membrane pinches together forming a cleavage furrow. Two ends eventually join separating the one cell into two cells.

Plant cells: - The formation of a cell plate occurs Plant cells: - The formation of a cell plate occurs. - The cell plate is a collection of sacks of cellulose that collect in the center of the cell. -The cell plate eventually matures into a cell wall.

Cytokinesis

End Result: One mature parent cell divides into two new and genetically identical daughter cells. Cell starts over…………………………hence the cell cycle.

MITOSIS

Cell division video