What enabled Venice to become a major trading center? A. Development of a mercantile fleet B. Low taxes C. Use of silver coins D. Influence of Muslim traders A B C D Section 1

WARM UP 10-1 - NB PG 1 During the High Middle Ages, what contributed to the growth of population? How did the revival of trade affect the economy and the country’s growth?

The BIG Idea Order and Security ANSWER TO THE WARM UP New farming practices supported population growth, and the revival of trade led to a money-based economy and the rise of cities. Section 1-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary carruca manor serfs money economy commercial capitalism bourgeoisie patricians guilds apprentice journeymen masterpiece Section 1-Key Terms

Video: Life in Medieval Europe – 20 minutes

Iron was used to make all of the following except: A. Carruca B. Nails WARM UP – PG 9 Iron was used to make all of the following except: A. Carruca B. Nails C. Axes D. Boats A B C D Section 1

The New Agriculture New inventions for farming and more efficient use of land contributed to population growth in the High Middle Ages. Section 1

The New Agriculture (cont.) The European population doubled in size between 1000 and 1300 from 38 million to 74 million WHY? more peaceful environment which led to production of more food and changes in technology. Food production was increased by using scythes, axes, and hoes. Section 1

The New Agriculture (cont.) A new plow called the carruca led to the growth of farming villages. People had to work together to buy the iron needed to make the plow and share the team of animals needed to pull the plow. Europeans also started using three-field rotations, harnessing wind and water, and using animal power to save labor and produce more crops. Section 1

EARLY MIDDLE AGES HIGH MIDDLE AGES 2 field system 3 field rotation system - 1st field – planted grain (ryes & wheat) in Fall; harvest in Summer - 2nd field – planted grains (oat & barley) in Spring and harvested in Fall - 3rd field – lay fallow (unplanted) until the next growing season

The Manorial System Under the manorial system of the Middle Ages, serfs worked the lands of lords. Section 1

The Manorial System (cont.) The manor was an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by serfs. Serfs provided labor services, paid rents, and were subject to the control of the lord. By 800, 60% of Europe were serfs. Usually worked three days a week for the lord Had to ask permission to leave the manor Could not marry outside the manor Required to pay a tithe 10% of what they produced to the Church The life of European peasants was very simple. They lived in wood framed cottages, generally consisting of one or two rooms. Serfs were not slaves They were given land and allowed to keep it Were protected by lords Section 1

The Manorial System (cont.) The seasons of the year dictated peasant activities. Religious holidays provided peasants with time away from work and brought them into contact with the Church. Christmas – birth of Jesus Easter – resurrection of Jesus Pentacost – the coming of the Holy Spirit to Jesus’ disciples Peasant women had to work in the field, raise children, and manage the household. Section 1

The Manorial System (cont.) Grains were used for making bread, the daily food of peasants, and ale. Vegetables, cheeses, and sometimes meat supplemented the meals of peasants. Water was not easy to obtain, so wine was the drink of the upper classes and ale was the drink of the poor. Monks drank up to 3 gallons of ale per day; serfs even more Section 1

By 800, approximately what percentage of the western European population were serfs? D. 80% A B C D Section 1

The Revival of Trade The revival of trade during the High Middle Ages gave rise to a commercial revolution. Section 1

The Revival of Trade (cont.) Cities in strategic locations, such as Venice and Flanders, grew in size and wealth. Venice grew because it built a mercantile fleet to trade across the Mediterranean Sea Trade fairs were initiated by cities to encourage more trade. Section 1

The Revival of Trade (cont.) As trade increased, demand for gold and silver coins increased. Eventually, a money economy replaced the barter system. New trading companies and banking firms led to the economic system of commercial capitalism. Section 1

The Growth of Cities The revival of trade spurred the growth of cities, which became centers for manufacturing and trade. Section 1

The Growth of Cities (cont.) The revival of trade led to a revival of cities. Merchants and artisans moved into these newly revitalized cities and became known as bourgeoisie. Groups of merchants and artisans would set up a settlement near a castle because castles were built on major trade routes. Usually protected by castles if a good trade relationship was created. The people in the cities and towns slowly gained their independence from local lords. The cities created their own governments, and patricians were elected legally or illegally. Section 1

The Growth of Cities (cont.) Medieval towns were surrounded by stone walls, had narrow streets, and were cramped and dirty. Pollution and the threat of fire plagued the city inhabitants. People began to organize themselves into business associations. These guilds played a leading role in the economic life of cities. Section 1

The Growth of Cities (cont.) A person who wanted to learn a trade went through a series of steps. People started as unpaid apprentices, earned wages as a journeyman, and could become a master by producing a masterpiece. Section 1

Which of the following best describes the cities of medieval Europe? A. Large houses B. Narrow streets C. Clean D. Stone buildings A B C D Section 1