Properties of Matter

Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space

Mass: the amount of matter in an object

Mass: the amount of matter in an object measured with a balance

Volume: the amount of space (capacity) an object takes up

Volume: the amount of space (capacity) an object takes up measured with a ruler or graduated cylinder

What is density?

What is density? Density is a comparison of how much matter there is in a certain amount of space.

What is density? Density is a comparison of how much matter there is in a certain amount of space. The more matter in a certain space, it will sink. Less matter it will rise

Which one is more dense? Demonstration: People in a room or in a field How about this: Which square is more dense?

Which one is more dense? Now which one is more dense?

What is density? Density = mass OR mass ÷ volume. volume Units for density: g . cm3 Why are these the units for density? ALWAYS REMEMBER UNITS!

Physical Properties Are characteristics or features that describe a substance.

Examples of physical properties include color taste shape Boiling point smell appearance Melting point density

Chemical Properties

Chemical Properties Are properties that change the substance to a new substance (s) during a chemical reaction.

Chemical Properties Are properties that change the substance to a new substance (s) during a chemical reaction. Are properties of a substance, not a specific object

Examples include Acidity Corrosiveness Flammability toxicity

Burning Rusting Cooking Film Processing Examples of Chemical Properties/Changes: Burning Rusting Cooking Film Processing (Any change that causes NEW matter to be formed)

Conservation of Matter Law of Conservation of Matter There is no observable change in the quantity of matter during a chemical reaction or a physical change. In other words, matter cannot be created nor destroyed. It is just converted from one form to another (just like energy) Definition of Conservation of matter.

States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Solids

Solids Have definite shape and definite volume

Solids Have definite shape and definite volume Particles are tightly packed

Solids Have definite shape and definite volume Particles are tightly packed Molecules are held close together and there is very little movement between them.

Liquids

Liquids Do not have definite shape but do have definite volume

Liquids Do not have definite shape but do have definite volume Particles are loosely packed

Liquids Do not have definite shape but do have definite volume Particles are loosely packed Atoms and molecules have more space between them than a solid does, but less than a gas (ie. It is more “fluid”)

Gases

Gases Do not have definite shape or definite volume

Gases Do not have definite shape or definite volume Particles are very far apart

Gases Do not have definite shape or definite volume Particles are very far apart Molecules are moving in random patterns with varying amounts of distance between the particles.

Phase Changes of Water ICE WATER STEAM (solid) (liquid) (gas) melting freezing (solid) (liquid) (gas) evaporating condensing

Plasma Plasma is different from a gas, because it is made up of groups of positively and negatively charged particles

Plasma You don't find naturally occurring plasmas too often when you walk around. They aren't things that happen regularly on Earth. If you have ever heard of the Northern Lights, you might know that those are types of plasmas. It takes a very special environment to keep plasmas going.

Star formation in the Eagle Nebula Space Telescope Science Institute, NASA (below) Northern Lights

Products manufactured using plasmas impact our daily lives:

EXAMPLES: Computer chips and integrated circuits Computer hard drives Electronics Machine tools Medical implants and prosthetics Audio and video tapes Aircraft and automobile engine parts Printing on plastic food containers Energy-efficient window coatings High-efficiency window coatings Safe drinking water Voice and data communications components Anti-scratch and anti-glare coatings on eyeglasses and other optics

While natural plasmas aren't found around you that often, man-made plasmas are everywhere. Think about fluorescent light bulbs. They are not like regular light bulbs. Inside the long tube is a gas. Electricity flows through the tube when the light is turned on. The electricity acts as an energy source and charges up the gas. This charging and exciting of the atoms creates glowing plasma inside the bulb.

Properties of Matter include: How it looks (shiny, dull, colored) How it feels (hard, soft, rough, smooth) How it smells (sweet, salty, flowery) How it sounds (loud, soft, hollow) How it tastes (sweet salty, bitter, sour) What it does (bounce, bubble, tear)

So what makes up matter?

Atoms Elements The building blocks of Matter Consists of Protons (+), Electrons (-), and Neutrons (N). Elements Consists of only one kind of atom, Cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means Can exist as either atoms or molecules. Images are from http://www.chem4kids.com

Elements There around 120 elements, and when you combine them you can make millions of molecules. ( We sometimes use the terms atom and element to mean the same thing. Remember, atom is the general term. Everything is made of atoms. The term element is used to describe atoms with specific characteristics)

Molecules A molecule is made when two or more atoms of the same element or different elements bond together chemically. Examples include: H₂O O₂ C₆H₁₂O₆

compounds Are molecules that are made up of two or more different elements. Fixed formula / ratio (one of this and two of that) All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. examples Water (H₂O) Salt NaCl Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆

Pure Substances VS Mixtures Matter can be classified in two broad categories: pure substances and mixtures

What are "substances"? Has specific composition and specific properties. Iron (Fe) Methane (CH₄) Substances can be identified as either an element, compound, or a mixture.

Mixtures combination of two or more different atoms in a varying ratio and can be separated. examples Salt and water Sugar and water Chicken soup

Mixtures Can be heterogeneous (not uniform) or homogeneous (uniform throughout).

What is a pure substance? A substance composed of only one type of atom or molecule in a constant ratio. Can be either an element or a compound. The two categories of pure chemical substances.

What is a pure substance? Elements Cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical changes Compounds Can be separated into simpler substances by chemical changes The two categories of pure chemical substances.

Matter The two categories of pure chemical substances.

Matter Composition Varies? NO YES The two categories of pure chemical substances.

Matter Composition Varies? NO YES Pure Substance Mixture The two categories of pure chemical substances.

Separable into simpler substances? Matter Composition Varies? NO YES Pure Substance Mixture Separable into simpler substances? The two categories of pure chemical substances.

Separable into simpler substances? Matter Composition Varies? NO YES Pure Substance Mixture Separable into simpler substances? The two categories of pure chemical substances. NO YES

Separable into simpler substances? Matter Composition Varies? NO YES Pure Substance Mixture Separable into simpler substances? The two categories of pure chemical substances. NO YES Element Compound

Separable into simpler substances? Matter Composition Varies? NO YES Pure Substance Mixture Separable into simpler substances? The two categories of pure chemical substances. NO YES Element Compound Helium (He) Pure water H₂O

Matter Composition Varies? NO YES Pure Substance Mixture Uniform throughout? The two categories of pure chemical substances.

Matter Composition Varies? NO YES Pure Substance Mixture Uniform throughout? The two categories of pure chemical substances. NO YES

Matter Composition Varies? NO YES Pure Substance Mixture Uniform throughout? The two categories of pure chemical substances. NO YES Heterogeneous Homogeneous

Matter Composition Varies? NO YES Pure Substance Mixture Uniform throughout? The two categories of pure chemical substances. NO YES Heterogeneous Homogeneous Wet sand Tea with sugar

…more exciting adventures will follow…