Period 2 – Lecture 2 AP U.S. History Life in the Colonies Period 2 – Lecture 2 AP U.S. History

Think About It To what extent did the First Great Awakening maintain continuity and foster change in English colonial development?

Colonial Religion Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration Protestant dominant Anglican Church Congregationalist Presbyterian Lutheran Catholic The (First) Great Awakening (1730s-1740s) Evangelism Revivalism Itinerant preachers Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Old Lights and New Lights - Debate Baptists and Methodists

Colonial Religion

Colonial Politics Limited Self-Government Voting Freedom of Expression Elected bicameral legislative assemblies Governors Local governments Voting Limited to adult male educated and/or property owners Freedom of Expression John Peter Zenger Case (1735)

Dominion of New England (1686-1689) Established by King James II to consolidate colonies Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey Governor Edmund Andros Dissolution

Colonial Society And Colonial Culture American Social Structure Wealthy landowners Merchants Small farmers Craftspeople Slaves Regional differences Opportunity Less dependent on heredity Gender Roles Men Patriarchal society Landowners/laborers Women Submissive to men but respected domestic responsibilities limited to no political rights Becoming American Pragmatism Dominance of English culture Folkways Regional differences

Colonial Culture - The Arts Architecture Early colonies centered around a church Urban structures typical of English structures Frontier log cabins Literature Newspapers Religious sermons, political essays, non-fiction books Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin

Colonial Culture - Education Limited to wealthy males; females learned domestic chores Higher Education Most established for ministry or theological studies New England Colonies Education by mothers Towns with over 50 families required primary schools Town with over 100 families required grammar schools Middle Colonies Private and church education Southern Colonies Limited education due to agricultural lifestyle

Settlement and Migration 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775 Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish  OLD IMMIGRANTS Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor

Colonial Slavery Indentured servitude Why Slaves? Increased wages in England Labor shortages lead to importing slaves Cheap labor Dependable work force Slave Rebellions and Reactions Stono Rebellion New York “Conspiracy” (1741) Slave laws

Slave Demographics

Colonial Economics Mercantilism Acts of Navigation Molasses Act (1733) Colonies for the “Mother Country” Acts of Navigation Trade on English ships Imports pass English ports Exports to England Molasses Act (1733) Triangular Trade Middle Passage

Colonial Economics Money Transportation New England Middle Colonies Commodity money (gold/silver) Fiat money (paper currency) Transportation Rivers and coasts Horse and carriage Taverns and postal services New England Shipbuilding and manufacturing Lumber Fishing and whaling Merchants/Trade Middle Colonies Wheat and corn Manufacturing Southern Colonies Plantation systems Tobacco, rice, indigo Forced labor Indentured servants and slaves

PUROPOSE DATE FOUNDER MAJOR EXPORT () - Becomes an English colony VIRGINIA commercial 1607 Virginia Company John Smith Tobacco PLYMOUTH/ MASSACHUSETTS Religious refuge/ 1620/ 1628 William Bradford/ Massachusetts Bay Company John Winthrop Grain, timber NEW YORK 1613 (1664) Peter Stuveysant (Duke of York) Furs, grain NEW HAMPSHIRE 1623 John Mason Timber, naval stores RHODE ISLAND Religious refuge 1636 Roger Williams Grain CONNECTICUT expansion 1635 Thomas Hooker PENNSYLVANIA 1681 William Penn - Quakers DELAWARE 1638 (1681) Peter Minuit/ William Penn MARYLAND 1634 Lord Baltimore - Catholics NORTH CAROLINA 1663 Anthony Cooper Tobacco, timber, naval stores SOUTH CAROLINA Rice, indigo, naval stores GEORGIA Buffer, experiment 1733 James Oglethorpe Rice, timber, naval stores () - Becomes an English colony