Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds Chapter 21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.  Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nonmetallic Elements 21.1

Laboratory Preparation of H2 Gas Hydrogen Production C3H8 (g) + 3H2O (g) 3CO (g) + 7H2 (g) C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g) Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Laboratory Preparation of H2 Gas 21.2

Binary Hydrides of the Representative Elements 21.2

1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium, D), 3H (tritium, T) Isotopes of Hydrogen 1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium, D), 3H (tritium, T) 1 Kinetic isotope effect CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 CH3COOD (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + D+ (aq) Ka = 6 x 10-6 21.2

Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels The Hydrogen Economy 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels Fuel Fuel Value (kJ/g) Wood (pine) 18 Coal 31 Crude oil 45 Gasoline 48 Natural gas 49 Hydrogen 142 21.2

Phase Diagram of Carbon C (diamond) C (graphite) DG0 = -2.87 kJ 21.3

Synthetic Gas from Coal C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g) C (s) + 2H2 (g) CH4 (g) CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (l) 21.3

21.4

nP4 (white phosphorus) (P4)n (red phosphorus) 2Ca3(PO4)2 (s) + 10C (s) + 6SiO2 (s) 6CaSiO3 (s) + 10CO (g) + P4 (s) P4 (s) + 5O2 (g) P4O10 (s) nP4 (white phosphorus) (P4)n (red phosphorus) 3000C 21.4

21.4

Common Phosphorus-Containing Oxoacids 21.4

O2- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) • 2- oxide O • 2- peroxide O • - superoxide O2- (aq) + H2O (l) 2OH- (aq) O2- (aq) + 2H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) 2 4O- (aq) + 2H2O (l) 3O2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) 2 basic oxides amphoteric acidic oxides basicity 21.5

Ozone 3O2 (g) 2O3 (g) DG0 = 326.8 kJ (powerful oxidizing agent) Electrical Discharge Production of Ozone 21.5

Frasch Process 21.5

21.5

21.6

Electrolytic Production of Fluorine 2F- F2 (g) + 2e- 2H+ + 2e- H2 (g) 2HF H2 (g) + F2 (g) 21.6

Chlorine Production by the Chlor-Alkali Process 2Cl- (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e- 2Na+ (aq) + 2e- 2Na/Hg Hg (l) 2NaCl (aq) 2Na/Hg (g) + Cl2 (g) 21.6

21.6