Latin II Review (part I) Cambridge Unit I & II Fall 2012 Magistra Chadwell
Nouns Nouns are separated into declensions. A declension is a group of nouns w/the same endings. Nouns have case, number and gender Case indicates the nouns function. Number refers to singular or plural. Gender often has no bearing on the noun. The dictionary entry of a noun gives you the important information: puella, puellae, f. girl
Nouns (con’t) The second word is the genitive singular form. This gives you the stem and declension 1st declension: ancilla, ancillae (ancill—) 2nd declension: ager, agrī (agr—) 3rd declension: mater, matris (matr—) 4th declension: portus, portūs (port—) 5th declension: rēs, reī (r—) Let’s look at the orange graphic organizer
Nouns (con’t) Nominative Case—used for the subject and predicate Mater est in tablino. Coquus est iratus. Genitive Case—used for possession (of, ‘s, s’) Quīntus canem puerī vīdit. Dative Case—used for indirect object (to/for) and with intransitive verbs Mater puellae librum dat. Mihi placet. (mihi licet….?)
Nouns (con’t) Accusative—used for the direct object and some prepositions (ad, in, per, prope, apud) Mater puellae librum dat. Ablative—used for prepositions (a/ab, cum, de, e/ex, in, pro, sine, sub). If no preposition is present, may be translated with from, with, by, in, on (as needed) Grumiō cum servīs laborābat.
Identify the case and number canibus (3rd) agrī (2nd) iter (3rd) vōce (3rd) rērum (5th) manūs (4th) puellīs (1st) templa (2nd)
Nouns and Adjectives Adjectives fall into two categories. 1st/2nd declension: laetus, laeta, laetum pulcher, pulchra,pulchrum 3rd declension: fortis, fortis, forte Nouns and adjectives must agree in case, # and gender. That does not mean that they will have the same endings.
Noun and Adjectives bonus servus same declension, nom, s, m bona mater diff. declension, nom s, f. fortis mater same decl., diff. endings bonōrum canum diff. declension, gen, m, pl bonārum canum diff. declension, gen, f, pl brevī tempore neuter, abl sing, same decl In most instances, if noun and adj are same declension, then endings are the same. There are a few exceptions, mainly in 3rd declension.
Verbs Verbs are broken down into conjugations based on their infinitive Verbs have 5 characteristics Person (perspective of the subject) Number (singular or plural) Tense (time frame of the action) Voice (later this year) Mood (later this year) You’ve learned 3 of the 6 tenses (present, imperfect and perfect)
Verbs (con’t) Present tense is used for an action happening now. Can be translated 3 different ways. Laborat works, is working, does work Imperfect tense is used for a repeated or incomplete past action Can be translated several ways and recognized by –ba. Laborabat was working, used to work, began to work
Verbs (con’t) Perfect tense is used for a single, completed past action. Has its own set of endings Uses a different stem from present and imperfect (-v, -u, -x, -s, vowel change, long mark, extra syllable, sometimes no change) Can be translate three different ways Laboravit worked, did work, has worked You did learn an important irregular verb (sum)
Miscellaneous Information Latin doesn’t use articles (a/an, the) Pronouns—ego, tu, nos, and vos I You (s) Nom ego tū Dat mihi tibi Acc mē tē We You (P) Nōs Vōs Nōbīs Vōbīs nōs vōs
Miscellaneous Information Question words -ne (added to first word) num (expects a no answer) quid, quis, cur, ubi Comparative and Superlative adjectives Laetus, laetior, laetissium happy, happier, happiest Pulcher, pulchrior, pulcherrimuspretty, prettier, very pretty